Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams 话说梦的本质

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?
It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important．Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest．‘Rest’, in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can 5 be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down．The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active．In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors．First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device 10 for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less．The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental．Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep．He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements,15 some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid．People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming．When woken at other times they reported no dreams．If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected．The 20 implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
CHRISTOPHER EVANS The stuff of dreams from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
speculation(1.2)/?spekjv'lM+n/n．推测
electrode(1.10)/i'lektr+vd/n．电极
literally(1.2)/'lit+r+li/adv．确实
scalp(1.10)/sk$lp/n．头皮
odd(1.3)/&d/adj．奇特的
psychiatrist(1.12)/sai'kai+trist/n．精神病学家
tissue(1.5)/'tisju:/n．组织
punctuate(1.14)/'p)RtMueit/v．不时介入
plausible(1.9)/'pl&:z+b+l/adj．似乎有理的
jerky(1.15)/DN*:ki/adj．急动的
hypothesis(1.9)/hai'pDIisis/n．假说
disorder(1.19)/dis'&:d+/n．失调
electroencephalograph(1.9)/I?lektr+in'sef+l+gra:f/n．脑电图仪
implication(1.19)/?impli'keiM+n/n．表明
Notes on the text 课文注释
1 in terms of muscle relaxation and so on，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看。in terms of，从……方面看。
2 then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting？这是个陈述句的语序，但句尾加问号，表示说话人对这种观点有把握但需进一步证实。
3 were it not far two factors，这是省略了if的条件句，可译作“如果不是下面两个因素的话”。
4 several nights on end，一连几夜。
参考译文
很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还很重要。人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实已有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。
如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？若不是下面两点，这种假设似乎是有道理的。第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。第二点更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没做梦。如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干扰没关系，而做梦受到干扰是有问题的。
Comprehension 理解
Answer these questions:
1 How does the author disprove the idea that we sleep in order to rest our muscles?
2 What is the relationship between eye-movements during sleep and dreaming?
Vocabulary 词汇
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: function (1.1); speculations (1.2); specifically (1.7); plausible hypothesis (1.9); evidence (1.11);fundamental (1.12); punctuated (1.14); jerky and rapid (1.15); implications (1.19).
The paragraph 段落
1 Drawing your information from the second paragraph (lines 8-20), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: What appears to be the main function of the sleeping period?
2 Read the first paragraph again (lines 1-7)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
a We sleep a great deal: sleep must have a function.
b Problem has puzzled mankind thousands of years.
c Purpose of sleep is not to give the body a rest.
d We do not have to sleep to relax the muscles: this can be done by lying or sitting down for short periods.
e Body tissues function best when muscles are active.
f Movement occurs during sleep to prevent muscle inactivity.
3 Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:
a Briefly describe a dream you had and attempt to interpret it.
b Sleep.
Key structures 关键句型
A Supply the missing words in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
1 Speculations ____ its nature have been going on ____ literally thousands ____ years ____．(11.2-3)
2 In fact a basic amount ____ movement occurs ____ sleep which is specifically concerned preventing muscle inactivity．(11.6-7)
3 Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing ____the recording ____ eye-movements ____ sleep．(11.12-13)
4 If one group ____ people were disturbed ____ their eye-movement sleep ____ several nights end, and another group were disturbed ____ an equal period ____ time．(11.16-18)
B Note the use of for in this sentence:
Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years．(11.2-3)
Supply for or since in the following sentences:
1 He has been going to work regularly ____ he recovered from his illness.
2 They have been working overtime ____ several months.
3 The election results have been coming in steadily ____ midnight.
4 She's been working on her novel ____ the beginning of the year.
C Study this sentence:
Perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? (1.8)
Write similar sentences using the verbs want or need with the following words: cleaning; mending; decorating.
D Compare these two sentences:
Instead of saying: This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors．(11.8-9)
We can say: This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors.
Rewrite the following sentences using if:
1 Were it possible,I would leave tomorrow.
2 I would take action at once were it not too late.
3 Were this allegation true, he would be arrested．
Special difficulties 难点
A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1 fairly (1.1)----enough
The water is fairly warm.
The water is warm enough to swim in.
2 puzzling (1.3)----confusing
The children showed a puzzling lack of curiosity about where their parents were.
The instructions are so confusing that I can't work out what they're saying.
3 factor (1.12)----fact
The rise in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors.
It is a fact that most deaths from lung cancer are caused by smoking.
B Explain the meaning of the verbs in italics in these sentences:
1 William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements．(1.13)
2 We have been dealing with the same firm for a number of years.
3 He's an extremely difficult child．His father is the only person who knows how to deal with him.
C Explain the meaning of the phrases in italics in these sentences:
1 If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end … (11.16-17)
2 It wasn't an accident．That window was broken on purpose.
3 On the whole, business has been very good this year.
4 The doctor's very tired．He's been on duty for fourteen hours.
5 How many soldiers are on leave?
6 You mustn't open the door on any account when I'm out.
7 It's getting late．I must be on my way.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 Giving the body a rest ____.
a．seems to be the main function of sleep
b．doesn't seem to be the main function of sleep
c．means that sleep must have some function
d．prevents muscle inactivity
2 Electrical activity ____.
a．is a good indication of the way the body rests during sleep
b．doesn't seem to diminish during sleep
c．is a plausible explanation for the function of sleep
d．must always be recorded during sleep
3 Rapid eye movements are an indication that
a．a person is having a disturbed sleep
b．sleep is very deep
c．that a sleeper is dreaming
d．that a person is drifting into sleep
4 One of these statements is true．Which one?
a．The most important function of sleep is dreaming.
b．Rapid eye-movement is associated with deep sleep.
c．People who experience rapid eye-movements show personality disorders.
d．When people are woken, they don't report any dreams.
Structure 句型
5 ____ have speculations gone on? ____ For thousands of years．(11.2-3)
a．How many
b．How often
c．How much
d．How long
6 The bodies tissues can repair ____ .
a．themselves
b．their self
c．itself
d．them
7 Peculiar bursts of eye-movements ____ an individual's sleep．(1.14)
a．punctuate
b．is punctuating
c．are punctuating
d．have punctuated
8 People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming ____．(11.15-16)
a．for a while
b．during sleep
c．before they went to sleep
d．just this moment
Vocabulary 词汇
9 Speculations have been going on for thousands of years ____．(11.2-3)
a．so to speak
b．in history
c．and recorded
d．in fact
10 This might be a plausible ____．(11.8-9)
a．conclusion
b．deduction
c．philosophy
d．theory
11 The second factor is more interesting and more ____．(1.13)
a．obvious
b．basic
c．apparent
d．acceptable
12 Some eye-movements were slow, others ____ and rapid．(1.15)
a．smooth, quick
b．interrupted
c．sudden, irregular
d．painful, repeated

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

Listening comprehension
1 Introduce the text
T: Today we'll talk about sleeping and dreaming.
2 Understand the topic
T: What can you see in the picture?
3 Listening objective
T: Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:
What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?
4 Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently
5 Answer the question
After the reading, ask the question again: What is going on when a person experiences rapid eyemovements during sleep?
Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.
Answer: The person is dreaming. (11.14-16)
6 Intensive reading
Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.
Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.
7 Play the tape or read the text again
8 Reading aloud
Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.

Comprehension questions
1 Is it clear that the sleeping period must have some function? (Yes, it is.)
2 Why would the function seem to be important? (Because there is so much of it.)
3 How long have speculations about the sleeping period been going on? (For thousands of years.)
4 Is sleeping simply a matter of giving the body a rest? (No, it isn't.)
5 How else can‘rest’be achieved? (By a brief period lying or even sitting down.)
6 Are the body's tissues to a degree self-repairing and self-restoring? (Yes, they are.)
7 When do they function best? (When they are more or less continuously active.)
8 A basic amount of movement occurs during sleep. What is this specifically concerned with? (Preventing muscle inactivity.)
9 What question does the author pose about the brain needing rest? (Is it perhaps the brain that needs resting?)
10 Which device shows that there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep? (The electroencephalograph.)
11 Is the second factor more interesting and more fundamental? (Yes, it is.)
12 Who is, or was, William Dement? (An American psychiatrist.)
13 Some years ago he published experiments. What did they deal with? (The recording of eye-movements during sleep.)
14 What is the average individual's sleep cycle punctuated with? (Peculiar bursts of eye-movements.)
15 If people were woken during these periods of eye-movements, what did they generally report? (That they had been dreaming.)
16 Did they report dreams when woken at other times? (No, they didn't.)
17 If one group of people were disturbed from eye-movement sleep for several nights, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time, but while not exhibiting eye-movements, what did the first group begin to show? (Some personality disorders.)
18 And what about the second group? (They seemed more or less unaffected.)
19 What were the implications of this? (The implications were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.)

Asking questions: Ask me if...
T: Ask me if it is clear the sleeping period must have some function.
S: Is it clear the sleeping period must have some function?
T: Why...?
S: Why is it clear the sleeping period must have some function?
1 it is clear the sleeping period must have some function.( Why)
2 speculations about its nature have been going on for thousands of years. (How long)
3 sleeping is simply a matter of giving the body a rest. (Why isn 't)
4 the body's tissues function best when more or less continuously active. (When)
5 the brain needs resting. (What)
6 an electroencephalograph is a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain. (What kind of)
7 William Dement was an American psychiatrist. (Who)
8 he recorded the eye-movements of people during sleep. (When)
9 the average person's sleep cycle is punctuated with bursts of eye-movements. (Whose)
10 people woken during periods of eye-movements said they had been dreaming. (Who)
11 the group disturbed from eye-movement sleep showed personality disorders. (Which group)
12 it is the disturbance of dreaming that matters. (What)

Reconstruct the second paragraph of the text (11.8-21)
1 If----not question----resting body----perhaps brain----needs resting.
2 Plausible hypothesis----two factors.
3 First----electroencephalograph (device----recording electrical activity----brain----electrodes to scalp)change----activity during sleep----no evidence----total amount----activity----less.
4 Second----more interesting----fundamental.
5 Years ago----American psychiatrist----Dement----experiments----recording eye-movements----sleep.
6 Showed----average sleep cycle----punctuated----bursts of eye-movements----drifting, slow----jerky, rapid.
7 People woken----periods of eye-movements----dreaming. Woken other times----no dreams.
8 One group----disturbed eye-movement sleep----several nights----another group----disturbed equal period, but not exhibiting eye-movements----first group----personality disorders----the others----more or less unaffected.
9 Implications----all this----not disturbance of sleep----mattered----disturbance of dreaming.

Topics for discussion
1 Tell us about any dream or nightmare that you have had.
2 Why have dreams fascinated human beings through the ages?
3 Discuss some modern theories about the function of sleep and dreaming.

Key to Comprehension
Possible answers
1 The author disproves the idea that we sleep in order to rest our muscles because the body's tissues repair and restore themselves to a degree and they function best when active.
2 Eye-movements during sleep indicate that a person is dreaming.

Key to Vocabulary
Possible answers
The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.
The minister's remarks have led to all kinds of wild speculations about the possibility of tax cuts.
The book was written specifically for young teenagers.
While this might seem a plausible hypothesis no one really thinks that it will work in practice.
There was not enough evidence for the court to convict the man of murder.
There is a fundamental difference between the policies of the two parties.
The silence of the forest was punctuated by occasional bursts of gunfire.
I didn't recognize the animal at all, but it was black and white, and its behaviour was characterized by jerky and rapid movements.
The most recent report on the nuclear accident ten years ago has finally concentrated on the wider implications of the incident for the environment.

Key to The paragraph
A
A possible answer
1 Brain needs resting? Two factors against:
2 Change in pattern of activity during sleep----total amount of activity same.
3 Second factor more fundamental: Dement's experiments recording eye-movements.
4 Sleep cycle punctuated by bursts of eye-movements: dreaming.
5 People woken during eye-movement sleep----personality disorders.
6 Disturbance of dreaming important. So main function of sleep is to dream?
B
A possible answer
Since we all sleep a great deal, it is fairly clear that sleep must have a function, and this is a problem which has puzzled mankind for thousands of years. We are fairly sure now that the purpose of sleep is not to give the body a rest since we do not have to sleep in order to relax our muscles. This can be done at any time simply by lying or sitting down for short periods. And anyway, body tissues function best when our muscles are active.
During sleep itself, the body moves simply in order to prevent muscle inactivity which would, as we know,result in numbness and cramp.
C
A possible answer
A dream.
About a month ago I had a dream which I can still remember very vividly. I don't often remember dreams, but this is one which made a deep impression on me. In the dream I was running along the top of a very high cliff with the beach and sea hundreds of feet below me. As I ran, I kept turning round to see whether I was still being followed, and I was. In fact I was being chased by lots of man-sized dolphins on legs! I know it sounds mad and a little like a cartoon. The dolphins didn't catch me and I just kept running, but I never got to the end of the dream because I woke up thrashing about in bed and sweating. Since I had the dream, I've been wondering what it meant. I know that people who interpret dreams say that they are rarely obvious, that all the images are mixed up and nothing is what it seems. But this dream seemed to reflect the holiday I had just had and the fact that I had to go back to work soon. On my holiday I had seen some dolphins----and I did not want to go back to work. I think the dream reflected my worry----but of course the dream could have meant something completely different. (224 words)

Key to KS Exercises
A See text.
B Remind students that we use the preposition since with points of time (since Monday, since 23rd August, since 3.00) and for with periods of time (for a week, for two hours, for eighteen months).
1 since 2 for 3 since 4 since
C We commonly use the verbs need and want followed by another verb in the -ing form. When used like this, the -ing form has a passive meaning and could be compared to the passive infinitive.
Your car needs cleaning. (= Your car needs to be cleaned.)
Do these shoes need mending? (= Do these shoes need to be mended?)
The house wants decorating, I think. (= The house wants to be decorated, I think.)
D In formal contexts, we can employ the inversion construction Were it not (for)... as a replacement for If it were not (for) in a Type 2 conditional sentence beginning If it were not (for)....
1 If it were possible, I would leave tomorrow.
2 I would take action at once if it were not too late.
3 If this allegation were true, he would be arrested.

Special difficulties
A
1 The adverb fairly (like quite and rather) means ‘to some degree’. It is the weakest of the three words and is placed in front of the adjective it modifies: It's a fairly difficult exercise, but not too difficult.
The determiner enough means ‘as much or as many as may be necessary’: The exercise is not difficult enough to worry me.
2 If something is puzzling, it‘makes someone feel helpless and uncertain in the effort to explain or understand something’: All the doctors who have treated Jane have found her illness very puzzling.
If something is confusing, it makes you feel mixed up (in your mind) : The instructions were so confusing that I couldn 't understand them.
Remember: something is puzzling or confusing; someone is puzzled or confused.
3 A factor is ‘any of the forces, conditions, influences, etc., that act with others to bring about a result’: An important factor in the success of the project is the president's support.
A fact is ‘something that has happened or is happening; the truth; reality’: Don't give me a long account, just give me the facts.
B
1 dealing with = about; having as its subject
2 dealing with = doing business with
3 deal with = take action about; tackle
C 1 on end = without a break, continuously 2 on purpose = by design 3 On the whole = Generally, Considering everything 4 on duty = at work 5 on leave = on holiday from government or army service 6 on any account = for any reason 7 on my way = going, leaving
Repetition drill
The rules of the game
Chorus, group or individual repetition
To elicit statements involving the use of the present (active) participle and the past (passive) participle in the following patterns: ‘Any player (making more than two moves) will be penalized’ and‘Any player (caught cheating) will be penalized’.
T: Drill 19. The rules of the game. This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. Two people are just about to play a new board game that they have been given. They have set it and are looking at the rules. One reads from the rules. This is how the conversation begins:
(1) S: This game looks good. But we should look at the rules. Is there anything we both need to know before we start?
T: Yes. What happens if a player makes more than two moves?
S: Let's see.‘Any player making more than two moves will be penalized.’
(2) T: What happens if a player is caught cheating?
S: Let's see.‘Any player caught cheating will be penalized.’
(3) T: What happens if a player helps another player?
S: Let's see. ‘Any player helping another player will be penalized.’
T: Now you do the same. Ready?
1 As in (1) above.
2 As in (2) above.
3 As in (3) above.
4 T: What happens if a player interferes with another player's cards?
S: Let's see.‘Any player interfering with another player's cards will be penalized.’
5 T: What happens if a player is found looking at his opponent's score?
S: Let's see.‘Any player found looking at his opponent's score will be penalized.’
6 T: What happens if a player lands on a black square?
S: Let's see.‘Any player landing on a black square will be penalized.’
7 T: What happens if a player misses a turn?
S: Let's see.‘Any player missing a turn will be penalized.’
8 T: What happens if a player is heard whispering to someone during the game?
S: Let's see.‘Any player heard whispering to someone during the game will be penalized.’
9 T: What happens if a player is caught holding more than eight cards?
S: Let's see. ‘Any player caught holding more than eight cards will be penalized.’
10 T: And what happens if a player shakes the dice for too long?
S: Let's see.‘Any player shaking the dice for too long will be penalized.’
T: This is ridiculous! With so many rules, the game's hardly worth playing, is it?

Key to Multiple choice questions
1 B 2 B 3 c 4 a 5 d
6 a 7 a 8 B 9 d 10 d
11 B 12 c

新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 19

Lesson 19 English Social Differences
英国社会的差异
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in
a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even
eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know
how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in
connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to
rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries
are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for society is not the
virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He
refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires
but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological
development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is
passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an
incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic
entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally
possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyal ties have ranged
against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism
which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that
every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is
directly relevant to social welfare.
the army and navy and at least one
New words and expressions 生词短语
professional n. 职业的 cultivate vt. 培养
hobby n. 业余爱好 eccentricity n. 怪癖
cast a fly 垂钓 diplomatic service 外交部门
govern vt. 治理 adequacy n. 适当
grave a. 严重的 sufficiently ad. 充分地
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信
devoted a. 热心的 excessive a. 过分的
incurable a. 不可救药的 neotism n. 裙带关系
discount vt. 看轻 mystic a. 神秘的
entity n. 存在，本质 narrowness n. 狭隘
quality n. 品质 estate n. 社会阶层
realm n. 王国 realism n. 现实主义 adjust vt. 使适应
privilege n. 特权 relevant a. 有关的 difference n. 差异
特别说明：本文档根据新东方新概念第四册（第二版）网络课堂Flash制作（转发请保持文档的完整性）
只可用于学习交流，不得用于商业目的！！！

1.professional n. 职业的 通常略写为prof [反]amateur
[辨异]profession, occupation, job
profession “专业”，强调highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer,
architect
occupation: normal and general, everybody can have an occupation.
job 不仅指工作，还可以表示干活，例如家务活。
You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 职业学校
2.cultivate vt. 培养 [同]nurture, develop, foster
cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教养。
3.hobby n. 业余爱好
[辨异]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
mania 颠狂，狂热，癖好 hobby n. 业余爱好
pastime 消遣 diversion 消遣，指转移注意力，换换脑筋。
4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
concentric 同轴的，同心的
[辨异]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish 异国风味的,奇异的,古怪的 outlandish clothes 奇装异服
grotesque 怪诞的，艺术、美术、文学中的怪异派、怪异的作品
5.cast a fly 垂钓[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠闲垂钓)
cast a net 撒网，为了生存捕鱼
6.diplomatic service 外交部门
airline service 航空公司 travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一个左右逢源的人。 He is a philosopher.
他是一个夸夸其谈的人。
7.govern vt. 治理
government/governing body ** governor 州长
governess 女家教 benevolent government 仁政
8.adequacy n. 适当 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate
He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.
他常常怀疑他是不是够格做父亲。
[辨异]deficient, sparse, meager
deficient 没有足够的，缺乏的
sparse 稀少 meager 贫乏的,不充分的,不足的 The food is meager for winter.
9.grave a. 严重的
[同]solemn, serious, severe have one foot in the grave 来日不多了
grave situation 严峻的形势 gravity 地球引力，严重
10.disbelieve vt. 不相信
dis- 多做动词的反义词 disappear 消失 disbelieve 不相信
11.devoted a. 热心的
[同]committed, dedicated
devote v. devote oneself to sth be devoted to sth
[注意]to 后面一定要用名词或动名词
He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。
She is devoted to her children. 她太溺爱孩子了。
这里，devoted 相当于spoil, pamper

12.excessive a. 过分的
[同]immoderate [反]moderate
Excessive studying bores/tires me.
过多的学习使我厌倦/疲惫不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the
health.
过度吸烟有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous.
extreme 极端的
13.incurable a. 不可救药的
cure 治疗
cure sb 为某人治病
cure sb of 治某人的……病
curable 可治疗的
to breathe one’s last 奄奄一息
He is beyond cure/remedy.
他不行了/不可救了。
引申为他不可救药了。=He is rotten to the
core.
People heat him to death.
人们都恨死他了。
I’m hungry to death.
我都快饿死了。
[注意]不能说成I starve to death.
14.neotism n. 裙带关系
It means giving of favors to his
relatives/relations by a person/man in the high
position or promoting the people closest to
him
backdoor “后门”
15.discount vt. 看轻
count 数
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
discount 打折 以物做宾语
I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做宾语
16.mystic a. 神秘的,带有宗教色彩
mysterious 则不带宗教色彩
occult 神秘的，玄妙的
supernatural 超自然的
metaphysical 形而上学的
Garden of Eden 伊甸园
nether world 阴间
heavenly world 天堂
17.narrowness n. 狭隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狭窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted.
他目光短浅。
narrow escape 九死一生
18.quality n. 品质
He is a man of quality. 他是一个高尚的人。
a lady of quality 贵妇
19.estate n. 社会阶层，房地产
class, hierarchy, stratification
都有阶层的意思。
real estate 不动产
personal estate 动产
estate agent 房地产商
20.realm n. 王国(抽象概念)
kingdom 具体概念
mental realm 思想境界
literature realm 文学界
flim/movie realm 电影界
[辨异]estate, domaln, sphere
estate 社会阶层
domaln
donaln name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球体，球面，范围，领域
realism n. 现实主义
realistic 现实主义的性格
realist 现实主义者[反]idealist 理想主义者
21.adjust vt. 使适应
adjust oneself tonew environment
be adjust to
He is well adjustd.
他好相处。
22.privilege n. 特权，英国英语常用
有特权的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)议员
privileged class 特权阶层
underprivileged class 弱势阶层
privileged car/cab 专车
23.relevant a. 有关的
be relevant to 和…
24.difference n. 差异
make no difference 没关系
It makes no difference wheather you come or
not.
make difference 关系重大
different from（英式英语）=different than (美
式英语)

Notes on the text 课文注释
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.绅士不是通过行为做到的。这里的意思是“绅士”是与生俱
来的，是骨子里的东西。
2.in a professional way=professional
3.be allowed：绅士这一阶层受社会的约束，不是随便什么都可以做的。
practise:从事
practise law= to be a lawyer
practise medicine= to be a doctor
vocation: 职业 to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.这句话的
意思是：绅士是绝对不能脱离他的阶层，不允许mix with the masses(与大众为伍),否则就会
很庸俗。
4.ride:骑马
navy:海军
army:陆军
5.rule:治国
6.political economy:政治经济学
less about:更不要提
=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂数学，就更别提英语了。
7.learning:学术
sport:指前面说的” ride and shoot and cast a fly”
8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:
社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物不无美德，而是他们是否胜任其职务。
set for society:做后置定语
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 阶层
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but
His success is not by talent so much as by energy.
他的成功不是来自天赋而是来自勤奋。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.
重要的不是时间而是如何利用它。
It is the man that behind the gun tells.
胜败在人而不在武器。
adequate:能力
function:功能
9.arise= apper,常搭配副词here, there
want：需求
pursue: 追求
10.attend to= be concerned with 关注
attend to 后面只能跟名词、动名词
While I am out/away, please attend to my house.

当我不在时，请帮我照看一下家。
11.in finance and method of production:金融和生产方法
12.widespread: 普遍的
discounting ability:轻视才能
character= nature
in a gentleman’s mouth:在绅士的嘴里
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己传统上所拥有的品质
13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社会职责
be loyal to 对……忠诚
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到这个王国中
的基本社会阶层的对立面上去。
range: 排列
range against: 作对
incapable of that imaginative realism:无法接受充满想像力的现实
14.admit= demand 要求
institution= custom 社会习俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作为……的权力
took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英语用法，相当于今天的took as
he is taken as a black sheep.
他被看作是害群之马。
right:权利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通过提
供证据说明此项权力与社会福利直接有关才能得到
15.Lord Curzon, Miceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in
1903:派往印度的总督Curzon 勋爵授予印度本土国王Cochin“印度之星”。
invest in:投资
invest with:授予
Lord:爵士，勋爵