Lesson 17 A man-made disease 人为的疾病

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit．This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits．It overran a whole continent．It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle．Scientists discovered that 5 this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis．By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created．Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits．So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one．It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically 10 reduced the rabbit population．It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated．There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence．A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and 15 introduced myxomatosis．It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate．It spread through France, where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry．The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented．
RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
New words and expressions 生词和短语
settlement（1.1）/'setlm+nt/ n．新拓居地
myxomatosis（1.6）/?mIks+m+'tvsIs/ n．多发性粘液瘤
enterprising（1.1）/'ent+praIzIR/ adj．有事业心的
infect（1.6）/In'fekt/v．传染
settler（1.1）/'setl+/ n．移居者
epidemic（1.6）/?epI'demIk/ n．流行病
Antipodes（1.2）/$n'tIp+di:z/ n．（the～）新西兰和澳大利亚（英）
mosquito（1.7）/m+'ski:t+v/ n．蚊虫
carrier（1.7）/'k$ri+/ n．带菌者
promiscuous （1.2）/pr+'mIskju+s/ adj．杂乱的
exterminate （1.11）/Ik'st*:mIneIt/ v．消灭
abandon（1.3）/+'b$nd+n/n．放任，纵情
ironically（1.13）/aI'r&nIkli/ adv．具有讽刺意味地
overrun （1.3）/'+v+r)n/ v．蔓延，泛滥
bequeath （1.13） /bI'kwi:J/ v．把……传给
devastation（1.3）/?dev+'steIM+n/ n．破坏，劫掠
pest（1.13）/pest/ n．害虫，有害动物
burrow（1.3）/'b)r+/ v．挖、掘
pestilence（1.14）/'pestIl+ns/ n．瘟疫
susceptible（1.5）/s+'septIb+l/ adj．易受感染的
confine（1.15）/k+n'faIn/ n．范围
virus（1.5）/'vaI+r+s/ n．病毒
domesticate（1.17）/d+'mestIkeIt/ v．驯养
Notes on the text 课文注释
1 so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits，这里 so that引导的一个结果状语从句，可译成“因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配繁衍后代”。
2 be susceptible to…，易受……感染的，易受影响的。
3 let loose，让乱跑。
4 pass…on to，把……传给。
参考译文
在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破环。科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）易患一种叫做“多发性粘液瘤”的致命病毒性疾病。通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目大为减少。后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。
具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法国内科医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他的庄园内，结果在整个法国蔓延开来。野兔在法国一般不被当作有害动物，而被视为打猎取乐的玩物和有用的食物来源。这种疾病又蔓延到了英国。在英国，野兔被当作有害的动物，可是家兔是赚钱的毛皮工业的基础，然而家兔同样易感染这种疾病。现在的问题是，人类能否控制住这种人为的疾病。
Comprehension 理解
Answer these questions:
1 Why is the rabbit regarded as a serious pest in Australia?
2 Why did it prove impossible to exterminate rabbits completely in Australia?
3 How was myxomatosis introduced to Europe?
Vocabulary 词汇
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: enterprising (1.1); devastation (1.3); burrowing (1.3); devouring the herbage (1.4); susceptible (1.5); fatal (1.5); epidemics (1.6); drastically reduced (11.9-10); completely exterminated (1.11); bequeathed (1.13); the confines of his estate (1.15); domesticated (1.17).
The paragraph 段落
A Drawing your information from the first paragraph (lines 1-12), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question:
How did the rabbit overrun the continent of Australia, and what steps were taken to exterminate it?
B Read the second paragraph again (lines 13-19)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise.
1 Australia acquired rabbit from Europe: a pest.
2 Europe acquired from Australia myxomatosis: a pestilence.
3 French physician introduced it---- estate.
4 It spread．
5 France: rabbit not a pest; sport; food supply.
6 Britain: rabbit: a pest; tame rabbits: fur industry.
7 Could man control his artificial disease?
C Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:
1 Pest control.
2 The balance of nature.
Key structures 关键句型
A Put the words in parentheses in their correct position in these sentences．In many cases, more than one position is possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
1 In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers introduced the European rabbit．(unwisely) (11.1-2)
2 It was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits．(later) (11.7-8)
3 It spread the disease all over the continent and reduced the rabbit population．(effectively, drastically) (11.9-10)
4 It became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to the disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be exterminated．(later, completely) (11.10-11)5 Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence．(ironically) (11.13-14)
B Compare these two uses of so that:
1 This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits．(11.2-3)
2 I went to Switzerland last winter so that I could do some skiing.
Write two sentences using so that in the ways shown above.
C Note the form of the verbs in italics in this sentence:
So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one．(11.8-9)
Complete the following sentences:
1 While Tom was doing his homework, his sister ______.
2 While my wife was seeing to the evening meal, I ______.
D Supply the missing words in this sentence．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
It spread through France, ______wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain ______wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but ______domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry．(11.15-18)
Special difficulties 难点
A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1 discovered (1.4) ---- invented
Captain Cook discovered Antarctica when he was exploring the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Do you have any idea who invented the safety pin?
2 disease (1.5) ---- decease
Poverty and disease usually go together.
A national crisis was caused by the sudden decease of the President.
3 basis (1.18) ---- base
What's your basis for making such a decision?
The base of the memorial is engraved with the names of those who died．
4 apparent (1.10) ---- obvious
It soon became apparent that our opponents were too strong for us.
It was obvious to the parents that Tom was lying.
5 acquired (1.13) ---- obtained
He has acquired a fearsome reputation.
Further information can be obtained from the information centre.
6 degree (1.10) ---- rank
To a certain degree, I accept the truth of what you say, even if I disagree with your conclusions．(degree = extent) The campaign to protect the countryside involves people from all degrees of society, not just the landowning classes．(degree = social class)
What rank was your father when he was in the army? (rank = an official position on a scale)
B Note the use of early in this phrase: in the early days (1.1)．Write sentences using the following phrases:in the early hours; in the early years; at an early age.
C Write sentences to illustrate the use of the following verbs: overrun (l.3); overtake; overdo; overlook.
D Compare the use of spread in these two sentences:
1 It (the mosquito) effectively spread the disease all over the continent．(1.9)
2 It (the disease) spread through France．(11.15-16)
Write two sentences to illustrate these uses of spread．
E Note the spelling of this word: manageable (1.12)．Add -able to the following words, retaining or dropping the e where necessary: move; love; peace; knowledge; change; service; believe.
F Note the use of own in this phrase: on his own estate (1.14)．Write sentences using the following phrases:my own; on my own; of my own.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 One of the reasons rabbits multiplied so rapidly in Australia is that they ______.
a．were unwisely introduced by enterprising settlers
b．breed rapidly
c．overran the continent
d．overcame their natural enemies in the Antipodes
2 Scientists found ______ of spreading myxomatosis.
a．one way
b．two ways
c．three ways
d．a large number of ways
3 The disease was spread right across the continent of Australia largely because ______.
a．of the mosquito
b．of the rabbit
c．scientists let infected animals loose in burrows
d．Australia encouraged diseased rabbits to migrate to other places
4 Myxomatosis, that was a blessing in Australia, proved to be ______in Europe.
a．domesticated
b．a disease
c．profitable
d．a curse
Structure 句型
5 This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes ______．(1.2)
a．and as a result it multiplied
b．in order to multiply
c．so that it might multiply
d．because it multiplied
6 It______ and caused devastation．(1.3)
a．burrowing
b．burrowed
c．was burrowing
d．has burrowed
7 ______ were local epidemics created? By infecting animals．(1.6)
a．Why
b．How
c．Where
d．When
8 It was ______ to create local epidemics of this disease．(11.6-7)
a．potent
b．able
c．enabled
d．possible
Vocabulary 词汇
9 It caused devastation by ______ the herbage．(11.3-4)
a．burrowing into
b．infecting
c．consuming
d．digging
10 By infecting animals and ______them loose in burrows ..．(1.6)
a．allowing
b．leaving
c．introducing
d．turning
11 The rabbits were able to ______this disease to a certain extent．(1.10)
a．react to
b．prevent
c．withstand
d．oppose
12 Australia ______the rabbit as a pest from Europe．(1.13)
a．inherited
b．obtained
c．assumed
d．claimed

Lesson 17 A man-made disease

Listening comprehension
1 Introduce the text
T : Today we'll talk about a fatal virus disease which was created by man.
2 Understand the topic
T : What can you see in the picture?.
3 Listening objective
T : Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
4 Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently
5 Answer the question
After the reading, ask the question again: What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands. Answer: A certain type of mosquito was found to act as a carrier of the disease and this helped to spread it. (11. 7-8)
6 Intensive reading
Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.
Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.
7 Play the tape or read the text again
8 Reading aloud
Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.

Comprehension questions
1 When did settlers in Australia introduce the European rabbit? (In the early days of the settlement of the country.)
2 Did the European rabbit have any natural enemies in the Antipodes? (No, it didn't.)
3 How did it multiply? (With the promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.)
4 What did it overrun? (The whole continent.)
5 In what two ways did it cause devastation? (By burrowing, and by eating the herbage which might have fed sheep and cattle.)
6 Scientists discovered that this rabbit was susceptible to something. What? (A fatal virus disease called myxomatosis.)
7 How could local epidemics of this disease be created? (By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows.)
8 What was discovered later? (That a mosquito could carry the disease and pass it on to rabbits.)
9 The rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes. What was Australia doing? (Encouraging the particular type of mosquito to thrive.)
10 Where did it spread the disease? (All over the continent.)
11 What did it do to the rabbit population? (It drastically reduced it.)
12 What became apparent later? (That rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to the disease.)
13 So what was unlikely to happen? (The rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.)
14 Did people hope, however, that the problem would become manageable? (Yes, they did.)
15 How did Europe acquire myxomatosis? (As a pestilence.)
16 Why was this ironic? (Because it had originally bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia.)
17 Who decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate? (A French physician.)
18 What did he do? (He introduced myxomatosis.)
19 Did it remain within the confines of his estate? (No, it didn't.)
20 How are wild rabbits regarded in France? (As a sport and a useful food supply.)
21 Did it also spread to Britain? (Yes, it did.)
22 How are rabbits regarded there? (As a pest.)
23 But what about domesticated rabbits? (They are the basis of a profitable fur industry.)

Asking questions: Ask me if...
T : Ask me if enterprising settlers introduced the European rabbit to Australia. S : Did enterprising settlers introduce the European rabbit to Australia?
T : Who...?
S : Who introduced the European rabbit to Australia?
1 enterprising settlers introduced the European rabbit to Australia. (Who)
2 it multiplied. (How fast)
3 the rabbits overran the whole continent. (What)
4 it caused devastation. (How)
5 this rabbit was susceptible to the disease myxomatosis. (Which disease)
6 local epidemics of this disease could be created. (How)
7 there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of the disease. (What insect)
8 the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes. (What)
9 the mosquito spread the disease all over the continent. (Where )
10 the rabbit population was likely to be completely exterminated. (Why wasn't ) 11 Europe acquired myxomatosis as a pestilence. (How)
12 a French physician introduced the disease on his own estate. (Who)
13 it spread through France and Britain. (Which countries)
14 Man could control the disease he had invented. (Why couldn't)

Reconstruct the first paragraph of the text (11.1-12)
1 Early days - settlement Australia - settlers - European rabbit.
2 This rabbit - no enemies - Antipodes - multiplied - promiscuous abandon - rabbits.
3 Overran - continent.
4 Caused devastation - burrowing - devouring herbage - maintained - sheep - cattle.
5 Scientists discovered - rabbit - (no other animal) - susceptible - fatal disease.
6 Infecting - letting loose - local epidemics - created.
7 Later - found - type of mosquito - acted as carrier - passed to rabbits.
8 So - rest of world - get rid of mosquitoes - Australia - encouraging.
9 Effectively spread disease - continent - reduced - rabbit population.
10 Later - apparent - rabbits developing - degree of resistance - so - rabbit population - unlikely-completely exterminated.
11 Hopes - problem of rabbit - become manageable.

Topics for discussion
1 Are there any animals, insects or other pests in this country which people have tried to exterminate?
How successful are such extermination programmes?
2 What do you understand by the phrase‘the balance of nature’? How can human activities upset this balance?
3 What other problems exist in the world which are the direct result of man's actions? Describe one or two and suggest solutions to them.

Key to Comprehension
Possible answers
1 The rabbit is regarded as a serious pest in Australia because it causes devastation by burrowing and by eating food which sheep and cattle should live on.
2 It proved impossible to exterminate rabbits completely from Australia because they developed a certain degree of resistance to the disease.
3 Myxomatosis was introduced into Europe through a French physician who introduced it on his estate in order to get rid of the wild rabbits. Key to Vocabulary Possible answers
It was very enterprising of the boys to see a gap in the market and set up a business like that.
When the police and fire brigade finally arrived at the fire, they found a scene of complete devastation.
We watched a line of soil moving in front of our eyes and realized that a mole was burrowing under the grass.
In the past, deserts have been created by animals devouring the herbage until nothing can grow.
My niece is rather susceptible to colds and flu.
The doctors were amazed the man survived because the injuries that he sustained in the accident are usually fatal.
There have been a number of quite serious flu epidemics in Britain in recent years.
When the lake was poisoned with waste chemicals, the fish population was drastically reduced.
A large number of animals and birds have been completely exterminated during the course of this century.
The old man bequeathed most of his estate to his only grandson.
Within the confines of his estate the local lord of the manor believes he can do just about whatever he likes.
Cows, pigs and sheep are domesticated animals.

Key to The paragraph
A
A possible answer
1 When introduced into Australia - no natural enemies: multiplied.
2 Overran continent: caused terrible damage - burrowing and devouring plants.
3 However, susceptible to myxomatosis, fatal virus disease.
4 Animals infected and let loose: caused epidemic.
5 Disease also carried by type of mosquito.
6 Both methods helped reduce population - though impossible to exterminate rabbits completely.
B
A possible answer
When Australia acquired the rabbit from Europe, it became a pest. When Europe acquired myxomatosis from Australia, it acquired a pestilence. A French physician introduced the disease on his estate and it spread from there to the rest of the country and then to Britain. In France, the rabbit is not a pest, but a sport and a valuable food supply. In Britain, on the other hand, the wild rabbit is a pest, while tame rabbits form the basis of the fur industry. The question was: Could man control this artificial disease?
C
A possible answer
The balance of nature.
The balance of nature is very delicate and we have only begun to realize in this past century just how delicate it is. Let us take the case of forests. People in the past cut down trees to use as fuel or to use for the construction of houses, ships and so on - apparently with little regard for the damage they may have been doing to the environment. Often they replanted the area, but was that because they instinctively recognized the need to replace what they had taken away or damaged, or simply because they knew that they would need more wood later? In other words, were our forefathers concerned about the balance of nature? Or were they simply concerned that they might run out of things that Nature could provide? People in the past probably were more in touch with Nature and they knew how important the balance of nature was. We seem to have lost that instinct in the twentieth century. But natural disasters (like the extinction of certain species of animals and birds) have begun to make us realize the effect of cutting down forests with no regard for the wild life or for the planet as a whole.

Key to KS Exercises
A
1 In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers (unwisely) introduced the European rabbit. (11.1-2)
2 (Later) it was found (later) that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. (11.7-8).
3 (Effectively) it (effectively) spread the disease all over the continent and (drastically) reduced (drastically) the rabbit population (drastically). (11.9-10)
4 (Later) it (later) became apparent (later) that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to the disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be (completely) exterminated (completely). (11.10-11)
5 (Ironically,) Europe, which had (ironically) bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, (ironically) acquired this manmade disease as a pestilence. (11. 13-14)
B In the first sentence, so that means‘with the result that’, while in the second sentence so that could be replaced by‘in order that’.
1 He could not drive very well, so that he had an accident the second time he went out on the roads.
2 She learned a little Italian so that she could ask for things when she went there on holiday.
C We commonly use the past continuous tense to emphasize that two actions were in progress at the same time: While you were enjoying yourself at the concert, I was studying for tomorrow's exam.
1 While Tom was doing his homework, his sister was watching a video.
2 While my wife was seeing to the evening meal, I was writing some letters.
D See text.

Special difficulties
A
1 The verb discover means to‘find out a fact, an answer to a question or problem, etc.’: Scientists have now discovered that this disease is carried by rats.
The verb invent means to‘make or produce (esp. a new or useful thing or idea) for the first time’: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
2 A disease /dI'zi:z/ is‘an illness or unhealthy condition caused by infection, a disorder, etc., but not by an accident’: She has suffered from a rare heart disease for many years. The noun decease /dI'si:s/ is a formal or legal word meaning‘death’: Upon your decease the house will pass to your wife.
3 A basis = ‘the facts, principles, statements, etc. from which something is formed, started or developed’: The series of lectures he gave finally formed the basis of the book he wrote on the subject. A base is‘the lowest part of something, esp. the part on which something stands’: There was some strange carving on the base of the marble column.
4 Apparent = ‘easily seen or understood’: It soon became apparent why he had left the area so suddenly.
Obvious = ‘easy to see and understand, clear, must be recognized’: There were disadvantages to his plan which were obvious to us all.
(Apparent and obvious are often interchangeable.)
5 The verb acquire means to‘`gain or come to possess, esp. by one's own work, skill or action, and often over a long period of time’: How did you acquire your skill of using a keyboard?
The verb obtain means to‘become the owner of, esp. by means of effort or planning’: I haven't been able to obtain that CD anywhere. (The verb tends to be a little formal.)
6 One meaning of degree is‘a point on an imaginary line used for measuring or comparing qualities, feelings, abilities, etc.’: The minister expressed a degree of optimism about the state of the economy.
A rank is a level of relative value, ability, importance, etc., on a scale, esp. the official position someone holds in the army, navy, etc.’: That man attained the rank of captain after only a few years in the navy.
B We were woken in the early hours of the morning by cats fighting in the street.
In the early years of the king's reign, the country enjoyed a period of peace.
The great violinist Yehudi Menuhin learned to play at a very early age.
C The old barn on that farm is overrun with rats.
You can't overtake on that bend: you can't see what's coming from the other direction.
She's very tired because she's been overdoing things at work.
The teacher overlooked my rudeness once, but warned me never to be rude again.
D In the first sentence, spread is used transitively (i.e. with an object), while in the second the verb is used intransitively (i.e. without an object).
1 Don't spread the butter too thickly on my sandwiches.
2 This butter spreads very easily straight from the fridge.
E The spelling of -able words is always a problem. When, to create an adjective, we add -able to a verb or a noun which ends in a silent‘e’, we usually drop the‘e’ (value ---- valuable, love ---- lovable).
However, in British spelling, the‘e’ is kept in words ending in‘-ceable’ and‘-geable’ where the final‘e’ affects the sound of the preceding consonant: trace - traceable, manage - manageable. movable; lovable; peaceable; knowledgeable; changeable; serviceable; believable
F This CD is not the one I borrowed from you: it's my own.
I didn't stay with the others all the time because I wanted to spend some time on my own.
I don't need an umbrella because I've got one of my own.

Repetition drill
United Nations
Chorus, group or individual repetition
To elicit statements involving the use of the indefinite article before nationality nouns. Only nouns which are different in form from their equivalent adjectives will be practised. (Forms like the following are not practised: ‘He's German. He's a German.’ Number 7 is the exception.)
T : Drill 17. United Nations. This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. A United Nations cocktail party is in progress. Two people are discussing the nationality of those present. This is how their conversation begins:
(1) T: Doesn't that man come from England?
S: That's right. He's English. He's an Englishman.
(2) T: Doesn't he come from France?
S: That's right. He's French. He's a Frenchman.
(3) T: Doesn't that man come from Holland?
S : That's right. He's Dutch. He's a Dutchman.
T: Now you do the same. Ready?
1 As in (1) above.
2 As in (2) above.
3 As in (3) above.
4 T : Doesn't he come from Ireland?
S: That's right. He's Irish. He's an Irishman.
5 T : And doesn't that man come from Scotland?
S : That's right. He's Scottish. He's a Scotsman.
6 T : Doesn't he come from Wales?
S : That's right. He's Welsh. He's a Welshman.
7 T oesn't that man come from China?
S :That's right. He's Chinese. He's a Chinese.
8 T : Doesn't he come from Sweden?
S : That's right. He's Swedish. He's a Swede.
9 T : Doesn't that man come from Denmark?
S : That's right. He's Danish. He's a Dane.
10 T : Doesn't that man come from Poland?
S : That's right. He's Polish. He's a Pole.
11 T : Doesn't he come from Turkey?
S : That's right. He's Turkish. He's a Turk.
12 T : Doesn't he come from Finland?
S : That's right. He's Finnish. He's a Finn.
13 T : Doesn't that man come from Yugoslavia?
S : That's right. He's Yugoslavian. He's a Yugoslav.
14 T : Doesn't he come from Spain?
S : That's right. He's Spanish. He's a Spaniard.
15 T : Doesn't that man come from Iceland?
S : That's right. He's Icelandic. He's an Icelander.
T : They're a mixed bunch, but they all speak English. I should think you can speak English pretty well, too, by now, can't you?
S : I ought to. I'm English.

Key to Multiple choice questions
1B 2B 3a 4d 5a
6B 7B 8d 9c 10d
11c 12a

新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 17

Lesson 17 Learning to Live
学会生活
The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from
finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which
'measure' it.
In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of
various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully
the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.
This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary
schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of
independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of
grammar schools in the countrycould accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total
child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic
examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who
had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes.
Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems
which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is
an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and syntiesize
by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which arewithin his range of
competence and understanding.
New words and expressions 生词短语
intelligence 智力 intelligent cute intellectual a.智力的 n.知识分子
pass on 衡量
(1)He passes on(=pass away=die)委婉语
(2)衡量judge:to pass on 如:to pass on one's intelligence
(3)pass for 被认为 不能用被动,只能用主动
(4)pass 过了 pass grade
reliance 信赖,依靠
(1)rely=depend He relies on his parents.(parasite:寄生虫)(drag:负担)
(2)reliant reliable 值得信赖的 self-reliant 自力更生(=self-dependent)
working 起作用的
pill:药丸 dose:剂 Dose is working. efficient:指人效率很高,做事麻利effective 有效果的
The pill does.
a wide variety 各种各样
特别说明：本文档根据新东方新概念第四册（第二版）网络课堂Flash制作（转发请保持文档的完整性）
只可用于学习交流，不得用于商业目的！！！

a wide variety of goods . various variant：变化的variantion 变化 very colored/formed
mult- multifunctional multinational multilateral talks bilateral：双边会谈
as a result of 由于…结果
As a result of his good performance, he got pay rise. Pay cut 减薪
consequence in result 后面一定不能出现of
He performed well; in result he got a pay rise. in consequence
act 法案
pass bill motion pay bills act：第1 幕 ，第1 场 Today we got an act of got.
He always put on an act.摆谱
foundation 基金 Peking Normal University 北京师范大学 missionary
available 可用的
Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you available?
Are you available for a chat? Is your bicycle available?
avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy.
avail myself of 利用…的机会
make use of ；take advantage of
accommodate 容纳
The hall can accommodate 600 people. accommodate oneself to 适应
accommodating accommodation：住所 boarding and lodging
at most 最多 at least
counteract 抵消
counteractclockwise 逆时针转counterintelligence 反情报 counterrevolution neutralize
act against
specialization 专门化
specialize speciality major I specialize in chemistry. specialization 专业化
synthesize 综合 sympathy syndrome 并发症 synchronize 同步分
verbal 文字的 oral 口头 verbal expression ;oral expression
competence 能力
competent incompetent 没有能力的 performance 实际的行为
Notes on the text 课文注释
British education system 第1 段只有一句话 主语-the fact 谓语-does not prevent us 同位语
从句 nor：否定连接 passed on：衡量 useful ,working 两个词相近 placing 和finding 并列
place….on….放置…..在上面=put reliance 依赖
引号里表示抽象的东西
superior inferior
even though we are not sure ….is，nor what is passed on….,and placing…文中更为高级
even though he stole,I find him a kind hearted man.
The fact that he stole,does not prevent me from finding him a kind hearted man.
tests 第1 段形成文章的主题。
sample：样品，受试者 subjects puzzle 拼字游戏
of various kinds- various kinds of puzzles and problems
ability toability in 后面跟名词 ability to：不定式

photograph He has ability to take a photos. ability in photography
have taken 主句是将来时 一般都用if we take 第一个动词：take 第二个动词：allow
如果一个写作者要强调两个动词的先后顺序，就可以用完成时替代
if I master English,I will go abroad. I have master……
predict：预测 he will reach—后置定语 occupation：职业 representative
make full use of his ability 人尽其才 potential
it will allow us ：我们就会，我们能够 it—test 客观性
we can—主体在“我”，主观性强
科普性文章一般用passive We can obtain the results. The results are obtained.
became of became：系动词 be of importance
secondary schooling 中学教育
谓语：became available except
主题一定是围绕“intelligence”开始
secondary schooling ：12-18 岁 higher education：19-23 岁
elementary high school：junior high school, senior high school
nine year compulsory education high tax all free
compulsory courses ：必修课 optional/selective courses
grammar schools：文法学校 technical schools：技校
since:由于 accommodate:容纳 approximately:about
test eleven-plus:11 岁以上 selection:选拔制度
Narrowly:狭隘的 academic—只侧重书面考试
quite rightly:有理由认为 heavily weighted
highly-academic 高度学术性的学校 test oriented 应试教育
academically biased homes biased:偏 侧重于
scholal:学者 ，学术 scholastically biased homes :书香门第
My mom is biased toward my sister.
were felt to be :被人们感觉到
The weather is felt to be uncomfortable.强调感受
intelligence testsdevised :被设计 specialization:专业化
intelligence tests 侧重 universal ability 应试的方向问题
assess:评估的意思general ability:综合能力 random:随意
progressive:递进 gravity 重力
think:思想-----reason:推理-----judge:判断-----analyse:分析-----synthesize:综合
更侧重于practical
连缀，两个以上如果做名词修饰，可以置后 连缀词可以做后置定语
complementary:互补 question:质问
西方教育强调free talk 第1 段做为重点
ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds
have taken it will allow us
This became of particular importance 系表结构+of 结构
grammar school became available to eleven-plus
were felt…...to be heavily weighted in favour of ……
highly-academic academically biased
scholastically-acquired think,reason,judge,analyse,synthesize