Lesson 7 Bats 蝙蝠

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions．Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back．The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo．A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships．Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object．A shoal of fish will do this．So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish．With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles ---- or locate flying insects on which they feed．This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
MAURICE BURTON Curiosities of animal life
New words and expressions 生词和短语
bat（1.2）/b$t/ n．蝙蝠
interval（1.6）/'rnt+v+l/n．间隔
strictly（1.2）/'strrktl/ adv．明确地
receipt（1.7）/rr'si:t/ n．收到
utilitarian（1.2）/ju:?trlr'te+r+n/ adj．实用的
apparatus（1.8）/?$p'rert+s/n．仪器
appreciation（1.3）/+?pri:Mi'erM+n/ n．理解
shoal（1.9）/M+ul/ n．鱼群
obstruction（1.5）/+b'str)kM+n/n．障碍物
herring（1.11）/'herrR/n．鲱鱼
elapse（1.5）/r'l$ps/v．消逝
cod（1.11）/k&d/n．鳕鱼
hull（1.6）/h)l/ n．船体
squeak（1.13）/skwi:k/ n．尖叫声
Notes on the text 课文注释
1 Not all sounds made by animals serve as language，动物发出的声音不全是作语言交际。此句采用了部分否定，即不是否定所有的动物，而只是一部分。serve as，作……之用。
2 turn to，求助于。
3 play a role in，在……方面起作用。
4 in the vicinity of，在……的附近。
5 So was born the echo-sounding apparatus，这样就诞生了回声探测仪。这是一个倒装句，主要是为了避免因主语过长而使全句失去平衡，同时也为了使apparatus的定语now in general use in ships 紧挨着名词。in general use，普遍使用。
6 steer clear of，避开。
参考译文
动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。
要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出喊声，就会听到回声。固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。敲打船体所发出的声音会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。任何固体都反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。鱼群也反射声音。从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。根据经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，还是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。
人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠的这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。
Comprehension 理解
Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.
1 How is the echo-location principle applied to measure the depth of the sea?
2 Why do the sounds reflected by solid objects vary?
3 What use do bats make of the principle of echo-location?
Vocabulary 词汇
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: strictly utilitarian (1.2); vicinity (1.4); elapse (1.5); tapping (1.5); apparatus (1.8); shoal (1.9); comparatively (1.9); emit (1.13); steer clear (11.13-14).
Sentence structure 句子结构
A Combine the following sentences to make one complex statement out of each group．Make any changes you think necessary, but do not alter the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise:
1 Not all sounds made by animals serve as language．We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats．We can see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)
2 A sound can be made by tapping on the hull of ship．It will be reflected from the sea bottom．We can measure the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes．The depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7)
3 Every solid object will reflect a sound．This varies according to the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)
4 With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible to locate a shoal．It is possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo．(11.10-12)
5 A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks.
They received echoes．They could locate obstacles.
They could stear clear of obstacles．They could locate flying insects on which they fed．(11.13-14)
B Without referring to the passage write three sentences indicating three different uses of the principle ofecho - location.
Key structures 关键句型
A Compare these two sentences:
Instead of saying: If we wish to get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
We can say: To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions．(1.3)
Complete the following sentences:
1 To understand ______.
2 To enjoy ______.
3 To succeed _____.
B Supply a, an, or the where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
Everyone knows that if he shouts in _____ vicinity of ______ wall or ________ mountainside, ___ echo will come back．______ further off this solid obstruction, ______ longer time will elapse for ___ return of ______ echo．_______ sound made by tapping on _____ hull of _____ ship will be reflected from ________ sea bottom, and by measuring _______ time interval between ________ taps and _______ receipt of ______ echoes _______ depth of _______ sea at that point can be calculated．Sowas born _______ echo - sounding apparatus, now in _____ general use in ______ ships．Every solid object will reflect ______ sound, varying according to _____ size and _____ nature of _____ object．_______ shoal of _______ fish will do this．So it is ________ comparatively simple step from locating ________ sea bottom to locating ______ shoal of _______ fish．(11.3-10)
C Study the form of the verbs in italics in these sentences:
A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7) It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they can locate … obstacles．(11.13-14) Write three sentences in the same way using by followed by the -ing form of a verb．
D Note that the verb compared is followed by with in this sentence: Echo-location in bats is … compared with radar … (11.14-15)
Supply with, for, or to in the following sentences:
1 I have been corresponding _____ him for many years.
2 He was arrested and charged ______ murder.
3 How much do you charge _______ this service?
4 I can't provide you ________ all the things you need．
5 We have provided _____ every emergency.
6 Did you apply ________ that job?
7 If you want a loan you should apply ______ the bank.
8 He's much too quick for me．I just can't compete ______ him.
Special difficulties 难点
A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1 sound (1.1) ---- echo (1.2)
Don't make a sound, any of you!
The echo of the gunfire died away, and the valley was quiet again.
2 discovery (1.1) ---- invention (1.3)
The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the economy.
The invention of personal computers was a very important event in the second half of the twentieth century.
3 appreciation (1.3) ---- estimation
He lacks a realistic appreciation of the situation.
In my estimation, you'll need twelve rolls of wallpaper.
4 obstruction (1.5) ---- obstacle (1.14)
There's an obstruction in the fuel pipe.
Fear of change is the greatest single obstacle to progress.
5 steer (1.13) ---- drive
The captain steered his ship into the harbour.
It's quite possible to drive from Geneva to London in a day.
B Supply the missing words in these sentences:
1 Not all the sounds made _______ animals serve as language．(1.1)
2 This camera was made _________ Japan.
3 Glass is made ____ sand and lime.
4 This watch is made____ gold．
C Explain the word experience in these sentences:
1 With experience it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish.(11.10-11)
2 He is a very experienced surgeon.
3 It was one of the strangest experiences I have ever had．
D What does the phrase to tell if mean in this sentence:
It is now possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish．(11.10-11)
Write two sentences using to tell if.
E Note the spelling of echoes(1.12)．Write the plural of the following words: potato, piano, tomato, solo.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 What happens if you shout on a mountainside?
a．You will be able to measure distance.
b．Nothing.
c．It will take a long time for an echo to come back.
d．You will hear an echo.
2 You can measure the depth of the sea by ____.
a．shouting so you get back an echo
b．tapping on the hull of a ship
c．working out how long it takes to get an echo from the sea bottom
d．calculating the reflection
3 The echo-location principle means you can even ____.
a．locate and distinguish different species of fish
b．hear a fish's echo
c．improve the apparatus now in use
d．easily catch different species of fish
4 Bats use echo-location to ____.
a．see where they're going
b．avoid bumping into things
c．avoid flying insects
d．emit squeaks
Structure 句型
5 Not ____sound made by animals serves as language．(l.1)
a．every
b．each
c．the whole
d．the entire
6 We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case ____the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)
a．which
b．where
c．when
d．why
7 ____ he shout in the vicinity of a wall, an echo will come back．(1.4)
a．Should
b．If
c．When
d．Though
8 ____ the echo-sounding apparatus was born．(11.7-8)
a．Such
b．The way
c．That's how
d．Like this
Vocabulary 词汇
9 The voice plays a strictly ____ role．(1.2)
a．secondary
b．important
c．usual
d．practical
10 A sound made by ____ the hull of a ship - (11.5-6)
a．hitting
b．knocking
c．beating
d．bashing
11 The sound varies ____the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)
a．depending on
b．relating to
c．influencing
d．by
12 A ____ of fish will do this．(1.9)
a．class
b．herd
c．school
d．flock

Lessson 7 Bats

Listening comprehension
1 Introduce the text
T : Today we'll talk about bats.
2 Understand the situation
T : What can you see in the picture?
3 Listening objective
T : Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:
In what way does echo-location in bats play a utilitarian role?
4 Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently
5 Answer the question
After the reading, ask the question again: In what way does echo-location in bats play a utilitarian role?
Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.
Answer: Bats emit squeaks and by receiving echoes they can locate and steer clear of obstacles ---- or locate flying insects on which they feed. (11.13-14)
6 Intensive reading
Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.
Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.
7 Play the tape or read the text again
8 Reading aloud
Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.

Comprehension questions
1 Do all sounds made by animals serve as language? (No, they don't.)
2 Does the voice play a strictly utilitarian role in the echo-location in bats? (Yes, it does.)
3 What must we turn to first to get a full appreciation of what this discovery means? (We must turn to some recent human inventions.)
4 What will happen if a person shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside? (An echo will come back.)
5 Who knows this? (Everyone does.)
6 What if the solid obstruction is further off? (The further off, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.)
7 If you tap on the hull of a ship, where will the sound be reflected from? (The sea bottom.)
8 How can you calculate the depth of the sea at that point? (By measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes.)
9 Is an echo-sounding apparatus in general use in ships? (Yes, it is.)
10 What will every solid object reflect? (A sound.)
11 Will a shoal of fish also reflect a sound? (Yes, it will.)
12 How simple a step is it from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish? (It's a comparatively easy step.)
13 It is now possible to tell what kind of fish a shoal consists of. How? (By the pattern of the/its echo.)
14 What do certain bats emit? (Squeaks.)
15 How can those bats locate and steer clear of obstacles? (By receiving the echoes.)
16 What can they also locate? (Flying insects.)
17 What is the echo-location of bats often compared with? (Radar.)
18 Why is it often compared with radar? (Because the principle is the same.)

Asking questions: Ask me if …
T : Ask me if all the sounds made by animals serve as language.
S : Do all the sounds made by animals serve as language?
T : Why don't ...?
S : Why don't all the sounds made by animals serve as language?
1 all the sounds made by animals serve as language. (Why don't )
2 the voice plays a utilitarian role in echo-location in bats. (How)
3 we must turn to some recent human inventions. (What)
4 a certain time will elapse for the return of an echo. (How much)
5 sounds will be reflected from the sea bottom. (Where … from)
6 the depth of the sea can be calculated. (How)
7 an echo-sounding apparatus is in general use in ships. (What kind of apparatus)
8 every solid object will reflect a sound. (What)
9 a shoal of fish will reflect a sound. (Why)
10 it is easy to locate a shoal of fish. (How easy)
11 it is possible to tell what kind of fish are in a shoal. (How)
12 certain bats emit squeaks. (Which bats)
13 bats can locate and steer clear of obstacles. (How)
14 this echo-location is compared with radar. (How often)

Reconstruct the text
1 Not all sounds ---- animals ---- language ---- only turn to ---- discovery ---- echo-location in bats ---- case ---- voice plays strictly utilitarian role.
2 To get full appreciation ---- must turn first ---- recent human inventions.
3 Everyone knows ---- shouts ---- wall or mountainside ---- echo ---- come back.
4 Further off ---- solid obstruction ---- longer time ---- return of echo.
5 Sound ---- made tapping on hull of ship ---- reflected from sea bottom ---- by measuring ---- time interval ----taps and receipt of echoes ---- depth of sea ---- calculated.
6 So ---- echo-so unding apparatus ---- in use in ships.
7 Every solid object ---- reflect sound ---- varying size & nature of object. Shoal of fish ---- do this.
8 So comparatively simple step ---- locating sea bottom ---- locating fish.
9 With experience ---- improved apparatus ---- now possible ---- not only locate shoal ---- but tell ---- herring, cod, other fish ---- pattern of echoes.
10 It ---- found ---- certain bats ---- squeaks ---- receiving echoes ---- locate and steer clear ---- obstacles ---- or locate flying insects ---- feed.
11 This echo-location ---- bats ---- often compared ---- radar ---- principle of which ---- similar.

Topics for discussion
1 Many people are afraid of bats. Why do you think this is? And what other harmless creatures are many people afraid of ---- with apparently little or no reason?
2 Tell us about some of the uses of radar in times of peace and in times of war.
3 ‘We could all learn a lot from nature if we took the time to look and listen.’ Do you agree or disagree?

Key to Comprehension
Possible answers
1 The echo-location principle is applied to measure the depth of the sea by measuring the time interval between sounds on the surface and their echoes from the sea bottom.
2 The sounds reflected by solid objects vary according to the size and nature of the object.
3 Bats make use of the principle of echo-location to locate and steer clear of obstacles and to locate flying insects for food.

Key to Vocabulary
A possible answer
A lot of furniture made during the last war was strictly utilitarian; chairs were made to be sat on and tables to be sat at, but there was not much design in them and they weren't attractive.
There aren't many shops in this vicinity, so most people go shopping in the city.
John promised to contact us when he reached home, but three hours have elapsed and he still hasn't rung.
I know there is a woodpecker in the woods near us because I often hear one tapping on the trunk of one of the big trees.
Many archaeologists today employ special pieces of apparatus (rather like sophisticated metal detectors) to help them find objects under the ground.
In our local aquarium there is one large tank which has a shoal of fish consisting of hundreds of beautiful blue fish.
Although we have a lot of bats in Britain, some kinds are still comparatively rare.
His car has an alarm so that if anyone breaks into it, it will emit a terrible whistling sound.
If I were you, I would steer clear of that man; he is always in trouble with the police.

Key to Sentence structure
A possible answer
A See text.
B Perhaps the first use of the principle of echo-location is in instruments designed to calculate the depth of the sea.
Another use that the principle is applied to is locating shoals of fish, and it is even possible now to tell what kind of fish a shoal consists of.
Radar is also similar to echo-location since it helps aircraft and ships to locate objects in the dark by bouncing sound off them.

Key to KS Exercises
A There are many uses of the to-infinitive. One use is as the subject of a sentence when it is the result of deleting the phrase ‘If you/we want/wish to do’, for example: To get the best bargain, … = If you want to get the best bargain, … ; To gain promotion in the company, … = If you wish to gain promotion in the company, …
1 To understand the play thoroughly, you should really read it first .
2 To enjoy a good film, you really need to sit back in comfort in a big armchair.
3 To succeed in business, many people think you have to be utterly ruthless.
B See text.
C Note the use of the -ing form of the verb after the preposition by when it means ‘as a result of : I managed to attract his attention by waving to him.
1 The old man was deaf, so I managed to make him understand by shouting.
2 By saving a small amount of money every week for two years, I was able to buy my first computer.
3 In the small village where I was born, they still tell people when there's a fire by ringing the church bell.
D Note the different prepositions with these verbs: correspond with someone about something, apply to someone for something (e.g. a job), charge someone with a crime/charge someone for service, a meal, etc., compete with someone for something (e.g. a cup, trophy), provide someone with something/provide for an emergency, etc.
1 with 2 with 3 for 4 with 5 for 6 for 7 to 8 with

Special difficulties
A
1 Sound can be countable or uncountable and is something that can be heard: There was a strange sound coming from the box. Sound waves travel at 340 metres per second in air.
An echo (plural echoes ) is a sound which is reflected or sent back from a solid surface or object: I whistled three notes, and a few seconds later the echo came back from the hillside.
2 A discovery is the act of finding something that was already there, but not known about before: The discovery of gas in the North Sea has been very important to Great Britain.
An invention is the creation of something that did not exist before: The invention of the ball-point pen has meant that a pen is cheap enough for everyone to buy.
3 Appreciation is understanding the good qualities or the worth of something: She has a genuine appreciation of modern art.
Estimation refers to esteem or opinion, and in this sense is usually used in the phrase in my/his/her estimation : In my estimation, he has made a complete fool of himself.
4 An obstruction is something that blocks the path of something: The man had to have an operation to remove an obstruction from his throat.
An obstacle is something that prevents action, movement or success: He has overcome lots of obstacles to get where he is today.
5 The verb steer means to ‘make a boat or a car, lorry, etc. go in a particular direction’: I'd like you to steer the boat into the berth.
The verb drive means to ‘be responsible for making a vehicle move in a general direction’: We drove from London to Southampton in an open-topped sports car.
B The word made (= produced) can be followed by a number of prepositions: made by = produced by a person or made by a particular process, made of = produced from a particular substance, made in = produced in a particular place (city, country, etc.), and made from = produced by mixing two or more substances.
1 by 2 in 3 from 4 of
C
1 Experience here (uncountable) is the knowledge or skill which comes from practice.
2 An experienced surgeon is one who has a great deal of skill and knowledge acquired from years of practice.
3 Experiences here (countable) are life events that leave an impression on one.
D Here, to tell if means to ‘know, or be able to say in advance’.
She is a very good singer, but it is too early to tell if she will be a great singer.
From behind it was impossible to tell if the person was a man or a woman because he/she had long, shoulder-length hair.
E Revise the rules for the plural of nouns ending in ‘-o’.
Many common nouns ending in -o have plurals formed with -oes: echoes, potatoes, heroes, etc.
Some can be spelt with -os or -oes: cargos/cargoes, tornados/tornadoes, volcanos/volcanoes, etc.
The plural of certain other words is always spelt with -os: kangaroos, radios, studios, videos; kilos, photos; pianos, solos; Eskimos, Filipinos. potatoes, pianos, tomatoes, solos

Repetition drill
There's nothing like home-cooking
Chorus, group or individual repetition
To elicit statements involving the omission of the article before uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the plural in the pattern ‘(Soup) like this can be bought (in a packet)’.
T : Drill 7. There's nothing like home-cooking. This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. Mrs.
Watson has just prepared the evening meal. She and her husband have just sat down to dinner.
This is how their conversation begins:
(1) T : Mm! There's nothing like home-cooking! This soup smells lovely. Did you prepare it yourself, or does it come in a packet?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, soup like this can be bought in a packet.
(2) T : Well, the vegetables in the soup don't look too bad. You're not going to tell me that they were dehydrated, or something?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, vegetables like this can be bought dehydrated.
(3) T : I've finished my soup, thank you. Ah! That meat looks delicious. Did you get it fresh from the butcher's, or was it frozen?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, meat like this can be bought frozen.
T : Now you do the same. Ready?
1 As in (1) above.
2 As in (2) above.
3 As in (3) above.
4 T : But these sausages must have been fresh. Surely they weren't vacuum-sealed, or whatever it's called.
S : Well, as a matter of fact, sausages like this can be bought vacuum-sealed.
5 T : The sauce isn't too bad, though. It's not the sort of stuff that comes in a bottle.
S : Well, as a matter of fact, sauce like this can be bought in a bottle.
6 T : Still, the rice is nice and fluffy. Don't tell me that was pre-cooked.
S : Well, as a matter of fact, rice like this can be bought pre-cooked.
7 T : Well, what about the potatoes, then? They're out of the garden, aren't they? Not prepacked or something?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, potatoes like this can be bought pre-packed.
8 T : But surely these beans weren't frozen?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, beans like this can be bought frozen.
9 T : I've finished this course, thank you. I must say I'm looking forward to the sweet. Now you're going to tell me that the pudding's ready-made, or something?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, puddings like this can be bought ready-made.
10 T : But the jam on it is surely your own, not preserved?
S : Well, as a matter of fact, jam like this can be bought preserved.
11 T : Still, the cream must have been fresh. It couldn't have been in a carton.
S : Well, as a matter of fact, cream like this can be bought in a carton.
12 T : Well, let's have some coffee now. I always like to finish off a meal with a cup of coffee. Black, please. It smells delicious. I just won't believe you if you tell me it came in a sealed filter.
S : Well, as a matter of fact, coffee like this can be bought in a sealed filter.
T : Well, well. We'll be eating plastic food next!

Key to Multiple choice questions
1d 2c 3a 4B 5a
6B 7a 8c 9d 10a
11a 12c

新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 7

Lesson 7 The sporting spirit
运动精神
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket,
they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete
examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to
orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little
meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no
feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as
soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be
disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played
even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic
warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the
spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these
absurd contests, and seriouslybelieve--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and
kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
New words and expressions 生词短语
goodwill n. 友好 prestige n. 声誉
cricket n.板球 disgrace vt. 使丢脸
inclination n.意愿 savage n.野性的
contest n. 比赛 combative a.好斗的
orgy n. 恣意，放荡 frankly ad.坦率地
deduce vt.推断 mimic a.与….极相似
competitive a. 竞争性的 behaveiour 行动
pick up 随意挑选 spectatotor n.观众
side n. 队 word….into…..引起……注意
patriotism n. 地方观念 爱国主义 fury n.狂热
involve vt. 卷入 absurd a.荒唐的
at any rate 无论……,至少…….

Notes on the vocabularies 词语注释
goodwill=friendship n.友好
goodwill games:友好运动会
goodwill visit:友好访问
pay a goodwill visit to
official visit:官方正式访问
state visit:国事访问
cricket n.板球 as merry as a cricket(蟋蟀) 形容心情高兴，快乐无比
inclination n. 意愿
incline v.
be inclined to do sth 表示强烈的意愿
I am inclined to take toefl.
willing
show inclination to follow one's inclination 随心所欲
contest n. 比赛
近义词：competition game match tournament race
contest:a group of judges
beauty contest 选美比赛
competition:socially 抽象使用
Social competition is fierce.
Dog eat dog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。
gamehysically ,mentally
match:quite important
China won the 2002 World Cup match.
tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。
race:以速度见长
cycle racing 自行车比赛
car racing 赛车
orgy n.恣意，放荡
revelry in 狂欢
I revelry in my success.
on a spree
The girl is on a shoping spree.
competitive
combative-贬义词 同 aggressive
competitive-褒义词／中性词
competitor-竞争者
compete with sb. for sth.
pick up 随意挑选
side 队
patriotism n.地方观众，爱国主义
patriot:爱国者 patriotic:爱国的

involve vt.卷入
involve oneself in scandal be involved in
prestige n.声誉
prestigious a.享有声誉的Qinghua university is very prestigious.
近义词：fame renown(renowned 著名的) reputation eminence
disgrace vt.使丢脸
grace,graceful-graceless
disgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful.
fame-defame honor-dishonor
stigmaa(污点) vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him.
savage n.野性的
inhuman 残忍无比 nonhuman （非人类的）
mercy-merciless ruth-ruthless
beastly
combative a.好斗的
frankly ad.坦率地
Frankly speaking(To be frank) 坦白的说 candid 坦白的 straightly 直率的
mimic a.与……相似
mimic-只用作定语
similar-可作定语和表语 Our ideas are similar. We have similar ideas.
alike-只作表语
Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。
behaviour 行动 举止
Behave oneself.规矩点儿。
attitude n.态度
spectator n.观众
audience 听众 audial 听
visual
spectacle: 壮丽景色；眼镜
viewer 电视观众
work…into… 引起…注意…
into 后接表示感情的词
fury n.狂热
furious a.—强于anger,annoyance,aggravation
rage---suddenly & quickly
absurd a.荒唐的
近义词 illogical irrational senseless ridiculous
r 开头的形容词的反义词前面加ir
l 开头的形容词的反义词前面加il
at any rate 无论，至少＝at least

Notes on the text 课文注释
amazed: surprised,astound,astonished
前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表语结构。
The news surprised me.
I was surprised by the news.
I am astonished to hear the news.
You should not say”The news astonished me”.
hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doing
if only:
1. 表虚拟，当“真好”讲,后面无任何主从句。
If only I had a pair of wings.我要有双翅膀就好了。
If only I could fly to the moon.
2. 作为条件句＝as long as，后面须有主句。
deduce:推导
the background of the 1936 Olympic Games :二战时在德国柏林举行，希特勒举办的目的为
了宣传他的national supremacy(民主优越性)。然而，事与愿违，本届奥运会出现了
一位独领风骚的田径大王－美国黑人运动员，杰西·欧文斯，他共获得4 枚金牌，
让希特勒disgrace(颜面尽失)，后人评论“the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake”,而
且称为political tragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧视，导致极端的仇恨，引发二战。
neagly all 基本肯定
green: 绿地
aroused:被激发起来
frankly: 真正的
mimic warfare:模拟战争
battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose life,machine guns
sport field—play to win,coach ,do your best ,sweat,lose life,hand leg foot
fury over 对…愤怒
virtue:quality