Lesson 6 The sporting spirit体育的精神

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音。然后回答以下问题。
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield．Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive．You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win．On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this．At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare．But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe ---- at any rate for short periods ---- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
GEORGE ORWELL The sporting spirit
New words and expressions 生词和短语
goodwill（1.1）/'godwul/n．友好
patriotism（1.8）/'p$tri+tiz+m/n．地方观念，爱国主义
cricket（1.2）/'krikit/ n．板球
disgrace（1.9）/dis'greis/ v．使丢脸
inclination（1.3）/?inkli'niM+n/ n．意愿
savage（1.10）/'s$viDN/adj．野性的
contest（1.4）/'k&ntest/n．比赛
combative（1.10）/'k&mb+trv/adj．好斗的
orgy（1.4）/'&Ni/n．无节制，放荡
mimic warfare（1.11）/'mrmrk-'w&:fe+/模拟战争
deduce（1.4）/dr'dju:s/v．推断
behaviour（1.11）/bi'hervj+/n．行动，举止
competitive（1.6）/k+m'petrtrv/adj．竞争性的
absurd（1.13）/+b's*::d/adj．荒唐的
Notes on the text 课文注释
1 if only the common peoples of the world…，这里if only 引导的一个非真实条件句，if only 作“只要”讲。
2 have no inclination to do，无意做……，不想做……。
3 deduce…from…，从……推断出……。
4 You play to win．句中的you是泛指人，可译作“人们”。
5 pick up，随意挑选。
6 and, behind the spectators, of the nations，在of the nations 前面省略了 the attitude。
参考译文
当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。
现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才有可能是单纯为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一旦涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因你输了而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会被激发起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这种体会。在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。但是，要紧的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信——至少在短期内如此——跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。
Comprehension 理解
Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.
1 Why, according to the author, do international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred?
2 What, according to the author, do spectators believe when they watch international sporting contests?
Vocabulary 词汇
A Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: amazed (1.1); goodwill (1.1); inclination (1.3); deduce (1.4); utmost (1.7); prestige (1.9); disgraced (1.9); significant (1.11).
B Explain the following phrases as they have been used in the passage: pick up sides (1.7); local patriotism (11.7-8); the most savage combative instincts are aroused (11.9-10); frankly mimic warfare (1.11); absurd contests (1.13).
Sentence structure 句子结构
A Supply the missing words in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
You play to win, ______ the game has little meaning _______ you do your utmost to win．On the village green, ________ you pick up sides __________ no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise; but ________ the question of local prestige arises, ________ you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced _______ you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．Anyone _______ has played even in a school football match knows this．(11.6-10)
B Combine the following sentences to make one complete statement．Make any changes you think necessary, but do not change the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise: The significant thing is not the behaviour of the players．It is the attitude of the spectators．Behind the spectators, it is the attitude of the nations．They work themselves up into furies over these absurd contests．Running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue．They seriously believe this ---- at any rate for short periods．(11.11-13)
C Complete the following sentences in any way you wish．Then compare what you have written with the sentences in the passage:
1 I am always amazed when ____.(1.1)
2 Nearly all the sports practised _____.(1.6)
D State in a single sentence what you think the author believes about competitive sports.
Key structures 关键句型
A Study the form of the verbs after if in these sentences:
If only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield．(11.1-3)
If one didn't know from concrete examples that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles．(11.3-5)
Some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose．(1.9)
Complete the following in any way you wish:
1 If you play a game to win ______.
2 If only we could afford to ______.
3 You could learn to play golf if you ______.
4 You won't find it difficult if you _____.
B Note carefully the form of the verbs after the phrase as soon as in this sentence:
As soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．(11.8-10)
Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in these sentences:
1 If he _________ (make) any trouble, he will be asked to leave the meeting.
2 You will feel much better when you ________ (stop) smoking.
3 As soon as he _______ (arrive) in New York, he will send me a fax.
4 You can wait here until the rain ______ (stop).
5 When you _______ (move) to your new house, you will be far more comfortable than you are now.
C Supply the missing words in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finishedthe exercise:
Anyone who has played even ______ a school football match knows this．_____ the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare．But the significant thing is not the behaviour _______ the players but the attitude _____ the spectators: and, ______ the spectators, _______ the nations who work themselves _____ furies _____ these absurd contests．(11.10-13)
Special difficulties 难点
A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1 hear (1.1) ---- listen
The walls of this house are so thin, you can hear the neighbours cough next door.
I often listen to music．
2 even (1.3) ---- still
Mr．Wilks is not only working at the age of 95; he's even running a company.
Though he's 95, Mr．Wilks still plays bowls.
3 lead (1.4) ---- guide
Walking just in front, and pausing to check everyone was following, the young man led them to the market place.(i．e．He went in front)
The doorman drew a quick sketch map to guide us through the narrow streets．(i．e．to show the way)
4 principle (1.5) ---- principal
A good principle is not to borrow money you can't repay.
He has just been appointed principal of the college.
5 practise (1.6) ---- practice
I practise lifting every day.
Your tennis will improve with practice.
However, in American English, both the noun and the verb are spelt practice.
6 win (1.6) ---- beat
Tottenham won the Cup Final.
Tottenham beat Liverpool in the Cup Final.
7 lose (1.9) ---- loose
Try not to lose your ticket.
The handle on this suitcase is very loose.
8 arise (1.10) ---- arouse
A serious problem has arisen which will take time to solve.
His behaviour was arousing the interest of his neighbours.
9 level (1.11) ---- flat
Inflation had dropped to its lowest level in five years.
It is much easier to walk on the flat.
B Explain the meaning of the word peoples in this sentence:
If only the common peoples of the world could meet．(11.1-2)
Write two sentences using the words people and peoples.
C Compare these two expressions:
Instead of saying: The Olympic Games that were held in 1936 …
We can say: The 1936 Olympic Games … (11.3-4)
What can we say in place of the phrases in italics?
1 I shall catch the train that leaves at four o'clock.
2 I have a copy of the edition that was published in 1937.
3 The Education Act of 1944 aimed at providing equal opportunities for every child in the country.
4 The revolution of 1917 had important consequences.
D Compare these two sentences:
One could deduce it from general principles．(11.4-5)
You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win．(11.6-7)
Write two sentences using the words one and you in the ways shown above.
E Explain the words and phrases in italics:
1 It is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise．(1.8)
2 There was a lot of fun and laughter at the party.
3 He didn't mean any harm; it was all in good fun.
4 He's upset because everyone made fun of him.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 The writer questions the assumption that ______.
a．people enjoy sport
b．there are general principles governing sport
c．sport makes war less likely
d．sport is enjoyed by common people
2 According to the writer, the only purpose of competitive games is _______.
a．beating your opponent
b．getting plenty of exercises
c．having fun
d．doing your best
3 A competitive sportsman is likely to feel _____ if he loses.
a．patriotism
b．savage
c．shame
d．even more competitive
4 At the international level _____.
a．the players are at war with each other
b．the spectators take part in the sporting contests
c．nations appear to be at war with one another
d．sport brings out the best qualities in a nation
Structure 句型
5 If only ______ possible for the common peoples to meet each other．(11.1-2)
a．it would be
b．it could be
c．it were
d．it might be
6 You play ______ win．(1.6)
a．in order to
b．in order that
c．so that
d．for
7 The village green is the _____ you pick sides．(1.7)
a．the place
b．the time
c．the reason
d．the cause
8 ______ the question of national prestige arises … (11.8-9)
a．The moment
b．Just
c．As long as
d．Providing
Vocabulary 词汇
9 If we could meet at football, we would have no _____ to meet on the battlefield．(11.1-2)
a．bent
b．feeling
c．opportunity
d．desire
10 You could _____ from general principles that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred．(11.4-5)
a．include
b．conclude
c．exclude
d．delude
11 If you lose, the ______ combative instincts are aroused．(11.9-10)
a．wildest
b．most serious
c．most frightening
d．most dangerous
12 The ____ thing is not the behaviour of the players -(11.11-12)
a．important
b．unusual
c．signal
d．obvious

Lesson 6 The sporting spirit

Listening comprehension
1 Introduce the text
T: Today we'll talk about the effects of sport on the attitudes of both players and spectators.
2 Understand the topic
T : What can you see in the picture?
3 Listening objective
T : Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
4 Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently
5 Answer the question
After the reading, ask the question again: How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.
Answer: He describes it as ‘mimic warfare’. (1. 11)
6 Intensive reading
Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.
Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.
7 Play the tape or read the text again
8 Reading aloud
Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.

Comprehension questions
1 What effect do people say sport has on international relations? (They say that it creates goodwill between the nations.)
2 What do some people say would happen, if only the common people could meet one another to play sports? (They would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.)
3 How does George Or well react to these ideas? (He is always amazed./With amazement.)
4 What does he say international sporting contests lead to? (Orgies of hatred.)
5 What concrete example does he quote to support this idea? (The 1936 Olympic Games.)
6 What does he say one could deduce from general principles? (That international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred.)
7 What do nearly all sports practised today have in common? (They are nearly all competitive.)
8 How do you play in competitive sports? (To win.)
9 What happens to the game if you don't do your utmost to win? (It becomes meaningless.)
10 Where (in Britain) can you play simply for the fun and exercise? (On the village green.)
11 Why is this possible on the village green? (Because no feelings of local patriotism are involved.)
12 What happens when the question of prestige arises? (The most savage combative instincts are aroused.)
13 Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this, don't they? (Yes, they do.)
14 What do people fear about losing? (That they and some larger unit will be disgraced.)
15 What does Or well believe sport is at the international level? (Mimic warfare.)
16 Which is more significant, the players' behaviour or the spectators' attitude? (The spectators' attitude.)
17 Who do the spectators represent? (Their nations.)
18 How do the nations behave in regard to such contests? (They work themselves into furies.)
19 What is Or well's view of such contests? (He thinks they are absurd.)
20 When the contests are going on, how do nations treat them? (They treat them as if running, jumping and kicking a ball were tests of national virtue.)

Asking questions: Ask me if ...
T: Ask me if sport creates goodwill between the nations.
S : Does sport create goodwill between the nations?
T : What ...?
S : What does sport create between the nations?
1 sport creates goodwill between the nations. (What)
2 this point of view amazes George Or well. (Whom )
3 people would not go to war with those they met at football or cricket. (Why)
4 international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred. (Which contests)
5 the 1936 Olympic Games is an instance of such hatred. (Which Olympic Games)
6 nearly all the sports practised these days are competitive. (How many)
7 the game has no meaning unless you do your utmost to win. (When )
8 you pick up sides on the village green. (Where)
9 it is possible to play for the fun of it when prestige becomes involved. (Why isn't)
10 the most savage instincts are aroused by fear of disgrace. (Why)
11 anyone who has played in a school football match knows this. (What)
12 sport at the international level is mimic warfare. (At what level)
13 the behaviour of the players is more important than the attitude of the spectators. (Which )
14 the nations seriously believe that sporting contests are tests of national virtue. (Why)

Reconstruct the text
1 I---- always amazed ---- hear people say ---- sport create goodwill between nations,---- if only common peoples meet ---- football or cricket,---- they not have inclination ---- meet on battlefield.
2 Even if one not know ---- concrete examples ---- (1936 Olympic Games ---- instance) ---- international sporting contests lead ---- orgies of hatred, ---- one deduce ---- general principles.
3 Nearly all sports ---- competitive.
4 Play to win ---- game little meaning ---- unless do utmost to win.
5 Village green ---- pick sides ---- no feeling of local patriotism involved ---- possible to play ---- fun and exercise: as soon as ---- prestige ---- for feel ---- disgraced ---- savage combative instincts ---- aroused.
6 Anyone ---- school football match ---- knows this.
7 At international level ---- sport mimic warfare.
8 Significant thing ---- not behaviour of players ----attitude of spectators: and behind spectators ---- nations work themselves into furies ---- absurd contests ---- and seriously believe ---- running, jumping, kicking a ball ---- tests of national virtue.

Topics for discussion
1 Tell us about a sports competition that you have (or a friend has) taken part in.
2 The Olympic Games and other international athletics events used to be just for amateurs. Now many athletes can earn huge sums of money in this and other events. What do you think of this trend?
3 There is an English saying: ‘It's not winning, it's taking part that's important.’ What do you think? Is winning more important than just taking part? Why?

Key to Comprehension
Possible answers
1 International sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred because nearly all sports nowadays are competitive: you must do your utmost to win.
2 When they watch international sporting contests, spectators believe that the different sports are tests of national virtue.

Key to Vocabulary
A possible answer
I was amazed when she told me she was 15: I thought she was about 20.
If there's enough goodwill on both sides, we should be able to solve the dispute.
I have no inclination to spend my holidays at home doing nothing.
From all the clues, the detective was able to deduce who had committed the murder.
You must do your utmost to make sure that everyone has all the details of the conference weekend.
Whatever you may think, there is still a lot of prestige attached to being a doctor or a lawyer.
The man felt completely disgraced when his teenage son was arrested.
What was significant about the man's behaviour was that it was out of character.

Key to Sentence structure
A possible answer
A See text.
B See text.
C See text.
D The author clearly thinks that competitive sports, especially at an international level, are little more than mock warfare and that they are dangerous to both players and spectators.

Key to KS Exercises
A possible answer
A Briefly revise the three main conditional structures:
1 you will probably play with a lot of aggression
2 go out every evening, we would go to our favourite restaurant
3 had more time
4 practise every day
B When there is a reference to the future, the form of any verb in a clause after if, when, as soon as, after, until, when is almost always the present simple.
1 makes 2 stop 3 arrives 4 stops 5 move
C See text.

Special difficulties
A
1 Hear means to ‘receive sounds through your ears’: Speak up. I can't hear what you're saying.
Listen means to ‘give attention while hearing’:I like listening to jazz.
2 We use even (adverb) to express something unexpected or surprising: Even the younger children enjoyed the concert, so I'm sure the older ones did too.
Still (adverb) means ‘up to now and at this moment’: She's still watching the film, so I suppose she's enjoying it. It can also mean ‘in spite of that’, as in: I know he's admitted putting the money back, but that still doesn't explain how it came to be missing in the first place.
3 The verb lead means to ‘go first and show the way’: She led us to the small church by the lake.
The verb guide means to ‘go with someone to show them the way and explain things’: The woman guided us around the big house.
4 Principle and principal: these two nouns are pronounced exactly the same, but the meanings are completely different.
A principle is a basic rule: It's one of my principles never to lend my car to anyone.
A principal is the head of a school or college: He has just become principal of the local college.
The adjective principal means ‘highest in importance; chief; main’, as in His principal source of income comes from acting.
5 The words practise and practice are often confused. They are both pronounced in the same way.
However, in British English, practise is the verb, and practice is the noun: He practises the piano for two hours a day. The basketball practice lasted two hours.
In American English, practice is both a noun and a verb.
6 In the context of sport, you can win a game, a match, a competition, a prize, etc.: Our team won a silver cup.
Beat means to ‘defeat, or do better than’ an opponent: She always beats me at chess.
Look: Our team beat the best team in France to win the competition.
However, win (not beat) can also be used intransitively: Who won? Tottenham won.
7 Lose /luz/ is a verb which means, in the text, ‘not win’: Our football team lost again last Saturday.
Loose /lus/ is an adjective which means ‘not firmly fixed’: The screws holding the shelf brackets are very loose. Can you tighten them?
8 Arise is an intransitive verb meaning to ‘happen, occur, come into being’: An unexpected difficulty has arisen which will necessitate a change of plan.
Arouse is a transitive verb meaning ‘cause to become active’: The children's behaviour at the back of the class aroused the curiosity of the teacher. (Arouse meaning to ‘wake someone up’ is very formal.)
9 A level is a position of height in relation to a flat surface, literally or figuratively: The top of the mountain is at least a kilometre above sea level. This question will have to be discussed at the highest level.
As a noun, and compared with level, flat means ‘ground level’: That horse is a good runner on the flat.
B The word people can be used in two ways.
As a plural noun it means ‘persons, human beings’: Most people seem to like her.
However, as a countable noun, a people means ‘a race, nation’ ---- so plural peoples in the sentence means ‘races, nations’.
There were about 600 people at the concert.
If only the peoples of the world all spoke the same language!
C We often use the following adjectivally: years (the 1914-1918 War = the War that lasted from 1914 to 1918), special festivals (the Easter parade = the parade that takes place at Easter), seasons (the winter resorts we visited = the resorts where people go in winter) and times (the 8 o'clock bus = the bus that leaves at 8 o'clock).
1 the four o'clock train 2 the 1937 edition 3 The 1944 Education Act 4 The 1917 revolution
D One and you can both be used as an indefinite pronoun meaning ‘everyone/anyone’ in general statements.
One is formal, while you is informal and preferred in everyday speech:
One might try to discover more about the project before investing money.
Whichever supermarket you go into nowadays, you'll find basically the same things.
E 1 for enjoyment 2 pleasure, amusement 3 without meaning any harm 4 laughed at/ridiculed

Repetition drill
Almost, but not quite!
Chorus, group or individual repetition
To elicit statements involving the use of If only + wouldn't to express disapproval.
T : Drill 6. Almost, but not guile! This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. Two teenagers are talking about fashion. They disapprove of each other's appearance. This is how their conversation begins:
(1) T : I don't know why you always wear plain blouses. I always wear flowered ones.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear flowered ones! They don't suit you.
(2) T : Why don't you ever use make-up? I always use make-up.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't use make-up! It doesn't suit you.
(3) T : You ought to wear a bracelet. I always wear a bracelet.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a bracelet! It doesn't suit you.
T : Now you do the same. Ready?
1 As in (1) above.
2 As in (2) above.
3 As in (3) above.
4 T : You should wear a ring. I always wear lots of rings.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear lots of rings! They don't suit you.
5 T : I don't know why you always wear a tie. I always wear a coloured scarf.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a coloured scarf. It doesn't suit you.
6 T : And why do you wear trousers? I always wear a kimono.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a kimono. It doesn't suit you.
7 T : I'd like to know why you always put things in your pockets. I always carry a handbag.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't carry a handbag. It doesn't suit you.
8 T : Why do you always wear a leather belt? I always wear a pretty sash.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a pretty sash. It doesn't suit you.
9 T : And why do you wear those awful boots? I always wear dainty shoes.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear dainty shoes. They don't suit you.
10 T : You shouldn't cut your nails so short. I always keep my nails long.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't keep your nails long. They don't suit you.
11 T : You ought to carry a pretty umbrella. I always carry a pretty umbrella.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't carry a pretty umbrella. It doesn't suit you.
12 T : And why do you always have your hair cut short? I always leave my hair long.
S : I know. If only you wouldn't leave your hair long. It doesn't suit you.
T : Well, I think it suits me.

Key to Multiple choice questions
1c 2a 3c 4c 5c
6a 7a 8a 9d 10B
11a 12a

新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 6
Lesson 6 Youth
青年
People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to
doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to
fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders.
There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious
future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the
rub is.
When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge
school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a
problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things
the young are busily engaged in seeking.
I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment
to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no
devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.
It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban
creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, illmannered,
presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for
elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with
him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.
New words and expressions 生词短语
sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事
get down to sth. 认真研究 get down to +名词／动名词
glorious 光辉灿烂的
rub 难题
teenager 青少年
for one thing 原因之一，有一点是… 连接词… for another
identity 身份
air of freedom 无拘无束 air:神态、气势
dreary 沉郁的
ambition 追名逐利
cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人
violent 强烈的，暴力的
suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的

conceited 自高自大的
presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的
fatuous 愚蠢的
cliché 陈词滥调
I take leave to say…
我冒昧地说… I take leave to be frank
恕我直言。口语：maybe I’m too bold… or . I’m bold enough… or. Allow myself to
say …
Take one’s leave = take leave 离开（正式用法）
Would you please take your leave?
我很烦的几种表示法：
What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk.
get down to + 名词/动名词
例：我开始学习了。 I get down to my studies. I get down to learning my book.
to- 介词 同义词： be engaged in
glorious
glory n. 光荣
（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous）
in one’s glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期
in one’s day in one’s golden days
in one’s prime time in the pride of one’s life
rub 摩擦
at odds 有矛盾
have words with sb. 和…拌嘴
Do you get the rub? Do you get the picture?
Do you catch me ? Do you get me ?
What’s the range?问年龄
Teenager 14 到18 Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13 到16
Juvenile 青少年 Youth 20 到30
Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱
Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气 Finicky airs 娇气
Dreary 同: drearisome a.无味，无聊
Sterile : 枯燥无味 Monotonous: 乏味无聊
Gloomy： 沉闷 Lifeless: 无生气的

I have ambition for going abroad/to gao abroad.
Fish …(wealth and fame)
Chase …(fame and gains)
Pursue …
Cosmic 宇宙
Cosmonaut 宇航员 = astronaut Astro-/aster 天体
Disaster Cosmic place :大都市 Metropolis: 大都市
Violent nonviolence 非暴力
狂风：violent wind 暴死：violent death
vehement 猛烈的
同义词：turbulent tumultuous
suburb 郊区
urbane: 有礼貌的 short-sighted 目光短浅的
narroe-minded/small-minded insular 绝缘，目光短浅的 provincial
conceited 自高自大的
骄傲的 conceit(n.) pride 自豪
big-headed 头发胀的 cocky 自负的
chicken 胆小鬼 sweller 膨胀的 over-confident
people are always talking about ‘ the problem of youth’.
Are talking _ 到目前为止一直讨论
‘the problem of youth ’ 加引号，引用。
-which I take leave to doubt 插入语 “我冒昧的说”，表示怀疑
-If there is any,同样表示怀疑
straight forward 开门见山
it is older people who creat it.—强调句
let us (speaker exclusive) – Let’s (speaker inclusive)
get down to fundamentals
fundamental = basic 基本的
fundamentalist 信奉正统基督教的人
after all – 退一步
like – (介词) 省略了谓语 are
people are just lije their elders
glorious future 光辉的未来
splendid future 光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言）
where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这
hatred : 憎恨 ironical 讽刺的，用反语的 uncertain 后面省略用法

I would have been 虚拟语气
Something 重要的东西 You are somebody. 你是重要人物
So .. as … 后置定语
出色： outstanding stand out 站出来，鹤立鸡群 cut figure 崭露头角
one of the things 正是其中之一
seeking = looking for exciting 令人激动的
air of freedom 无拘无束 = carefree , freedom from care
commitment 专注(to + 名词/动名词)
love = seek 追求 mean 意味着，小气卑鄙 = disgusting
anxious 虎视眈眈的
polish 擦，磨 apple polisher 溜须拍马 bootlicker 拍马屁者
no devotion to 热爱（贬） material things 物质享受 to me 在我看来（插入语）
life 生机 lifeless 没生机的，死气沉沉的
link with 把什么联系起来 origin 起源 original 原本的
as if 虚拟假设
in some sence 可以这么说吧（插入语 ）
in contrast with 与…比较
violent 强烈= strong
lovely 生动的，完美的
后置的同位语- suburban creatures
前面用得是 – cosmic beings
mediocre 平庸的
idol 偶像 idiot 傻瓜
conceited 自负
ill-mannered 粗暴
presumptuous 自以为是的
fatuous 愚蠢无比的
turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to 求助
dreary = boring cliché 沉郁的
cliché 陈词滥调，老生常谈