Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒

Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did Hawkwood make money in times of peace?
There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining‘protection money’is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.
New Words and Expressions生词和短语
gangster(title)/'g$Rst+/n. 歹徒，强盗
city-state（1．11）/?siti'steit/n. （古代）城邦
Chicago（1．1）/Mi'ka:g+(/n. 芝加哥（美国城市）
hire（1．11）/'hai+/v. 租出，雇给
protection（1．3）/pr+'tekM+n/n. 保护
prince（1．11）/prins/n. 君主，诸侯
promptly（1．3）/'pr&mptli/adv. 准时地
Florentine（1．15）/'fl&r+ntain/n. 佛罗伦萨人
destroy（1．4）/dis'tr&i/v. 毁掉；消灭
funeral（1．16）/'fju:n+r+l/n. 葬礼
remarkable（1．7）/ri'ma:k+b+l/adj. 不寻常的
dedicate（1．16）/'dedikeit/v. 奉献，题献给
band（1．9）/b$nd/n. 帮，团伙
memory（1．16）/'mem+ri/n. 纪念
Florence（1．10）/'fl&r+ns/n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）
valiant（1．16）/'v$lj+nt/adj. 英勇的
Notes on the text课文注释
1 in return for…，作“作为……的报答”讲。
2 out of business, 倒闭，破产。
3 as long ago as, 作“追溯到”、“早在”讲。注意要与as long as分开，后面这个短语作“只要”或“长达……之久”讲。
4 people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters,
人们情愿支付一大笔钱，也不愿自己毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。
5 made a name for himself, 出名了。
6 be at war with…, 与……处于战争状态。
7 in times of peace, 在和平时期。
8 a sort of hero, 某种英雄。sort of作“可以说是一种”讲。
参考译文
曾经有一个时期，芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取“保护”。如果交款不及时，歹徒们就会很快捣毁他的商店，让他破产。榨取“保护金”并不是一种现代的罪恶行径。早在14世纪，英国人约翰·霍克伍德就有过非凡的发现：人们情愿拿出大笔的钱，也不愿毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。
600年前，约翰·霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利，在佛罗伦萨附近驻扎下来，很快就出了名。意大利人叫他乔凡尼·阿库托。每次意大利各城邦之间打仗，霍克伍德便把他的士兵雇佣给愿给他出高价的君主。和平时期，当生意萧条时，霍克伍德便带领士兵进入某个城邦，纵火烧毁一两个农场，然后提出，如向他们缴纳保护金，他们便主动撤离。霍克伍德用这种方法挣了大笔钱。尽管如此，意大利人还是把他视作某种英雄。他80岁那年死去时，佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬，并为他画像以纪念这位“骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼·阿库托先生”。
Summary writing摘要写作
In not more than 80 words write an account of Sir John Hawkwood's career from the time he arrived in Italy. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph.
Answer these questions in note form to get your points:
1 Where did Sir John Hawkwood settle six hundred years ago?
2 Whom did he hire soldiers to in times of war?
3 Would he threaten to destroy a city-state in times of peace or not?
4 When would he spare a city-state?
5 Did the Italians regard him as a hero in spite of this or not?
6 How old was he when he died?
7 Who gave him a state funeral when he died?
8 Did they have a picture painted or not?
9 What was it dedicated to?
Vocabulary词汇
Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: sums（1．2）;promptly（1．3）;obtaining（1．5）;remarkable（1．7）;settled（1．9）;hire（1．11）;demanded（1．12）.
Composition作文
In not more than 200 words write an imaginary account of one of Sir John Hawkwood's exploits. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs.
Title:Hawkwood defeated.
Introduction: News that Hawkwood and his men were approaching----panic----villagers prepared to defend farms.
Development: Farmers fought----poorly armed----many killed----Hawkwood destroyed farms----sent message to prince of city-state----demanded money----refused----battle followed----Hawkwood invaded city----many buildings were destroyed----people killed.
Conclusion:Hawkwood was driven off----never attacked this city again----later became the prince's friend.
Letter writing书信写作
You had agreed to give a talk at your local library, but now find that you are unable to do so. Write a letter of about 80 words explaining why. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose:sorry for the inconvenience----you are being sent abroad by your firm----will be away for three weeks----hope to give a talk on a later occasion.
Key structures关键句型
Have. (IKS 90)（参见第2册第90课关键句型）
Exercises练习
A Note how have has been used in lines 8 and 16.
B Write sentences using have with the following:
1 a smoke;
2 got a headache;
3 repaired.
Special difficulties难点
People would rather pay large sums of money than…（11．7-8）
Instead of saying:
We can say:
I prefer to wait hete.
I would rather wait here.
Or: I would sooner wait here.
I prefer not to wait here.
I would rather not wait here.
Or: I would sooner not wait here.
It would be better if he waited here.
I'd rather he waited here.
It would be better if he didn't wait here.
I'd rather he didn't wait here.
Exercise练习
Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses:
1 I'd rather ______ (go) to the cinema.
2 I'd rather he ______ (leave) earlier.
3 I'd rather you not ______ (speak) to him.
4 I'd rather not ______ (speak) about it.
5 I'd rather my father ______ (settle) the account.
6 She'd rather you not ______ (tell) anyone about it.
Multiple choice questions多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 What‘protection’ did Chicago gangsters give to those who paid them?
a．They saved those people's businesses from destruction.
b．They left those people's business premises unharmed.
c．They protected those people against criminals like Sir John Hawkwood.
d．They did not take those people's lives.
2 Sir John Hawkwood's Italian name, ‘Giovanni Acuto’, was one which ______ .
a．he gave himself in order to become better known to the Italians
b．he earned through his sharp practice of selling his‘protection’
c．he needed in order to hire his soldiers to Italian princes
d．was given him in recognition of his services to the Italian states
3 The Italians regarded Hawkwood as a sort of hero ______ .
a．in that they could not help admiring his boldness and bravery
b．as he helped the citizens in peacetime when business was bad for them
c．despite the protection money he offered to those whose farms he burnt
d．for he lived so long and was given a state funeral by the Florentines
Structure结构
4 Obtaining‘protection money’is a crime which ______ practised for a long time. （1．5）
a．has been
b．is
c．was
d．is being
5 People prefer paying large sums of money ______ their life work destroyed by gangsters. （11．7-8）
a．than have
b．to have
c．to having
d．than they have
6 Princes used to hire ______ Hawkwood. （11．11-12）
a．his soldiers from
b．soldiers from
c．soldiers of
d．some soldiers of
7 They would refuse to go away ______ protection money was paid to them. （11．13-14）
a．unless
b．provided that
c．except that
d．without
8 ______ at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him…（11．15-16）
a．On dying
b．Having died
c．On his death
d．Dead
Vocabulary词汇
9 Six hundred years have ______ since Sir John Hawkwood arrived in…（11．9-10）
a．past
b．passed
c．been
d．departed
10 ----princes who were ______ to pay the high price he demanded. （11．11-12）
a．agreeable
b．accepting
c．desirable
d．prepared
11 Hawkwood made large sums of money ______ . （1．14）
a．by the way
b．with such manners
c．on this road
d．like this
12 ‘the most ______ soldier and most notable leader’…（11．16-17）
a．valuable
b．worthy
c．brave
d．hardy

Lesson 14 A noble gangster

Listening comprehension
1 Introduce the story
T: Today we'll talk about a gangster who lived along time ago.
2 Understand the situation
T: What do you think is happening in the picture?
3 Listening objective
T : Listen to the passage (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:
How did Hawkwood make money in times of peace?
4 Play the tape or read the story or wait for the students to finish reading silently
5 Answer the question
After the reading, ask the question again: How did Hawkwood make money in times of peace?
Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.
Answer: He and his men would burn down a few farms and then demand protection money from the city-state.
6 Intensive reading
Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand. Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.
7 Play the tape or read the story again
8 Reading aloud
Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.
Comprehension questions
1 Why did owners of shops and businesses in Chicago use to have to pay a lot of money? (For ‘protection’.)
2 What used to happen in Chicago if this money was not paid? (Gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop.)
3 Is obtaining ‘protection money’ a modern crime? (No, it isn't.)
4 How long ago was this system applied? (In the fourteenth century.)
5 Who applied it? (Sir John Hawkwood.)
6 What nationality was he? (English.)
7 Where did Sir John Hawkwood settle? (Near Florence.)
8 How did he become known to the Italians? (As giovanni Acuto.)
9 Who accompanied Sir John? (A band of soldiers.)
10 What did Sir John use to do with these soldiers? (Hire them to princes in times of war.)
11 Did the princes have to pay a high price for this service? (Yes, they did.)
12 What did these princes rule? (City-states.)
13 How did Sir John get protection money from the princes in times of peace? (He burned down a few farms and went away when money was paid.)
14 Did he make much money in this way? (Yes, he did.)
15 How did the Italians regard him? (As a kind of hero.)
16 How old was Sir John when he died? (80.)
17 What did the Florentines do for him? (They gave him a state funeral.)
18 In what other way did they honour him? (They had a picture painted of him.)
Asking questions: Ask me if …
T : Ask me if shop owners in Chicago use to have to pay large sums of money to gangsters.
S : Did shop owners in Chicago use to have to pay large sums of money to gangsters?
T : Who … ?
S : Who did shop owners in Chicago use to have to pay large sums of money to?
1 shop owners in Chicago used to have to pay large sums of money to gangsters. (Who)
2 this payment was called ‘protection money’. (What)
3 this system was invented a long time ago. (How long ago)
4 Sir John and his men settled near Florence. (Where)
5 he made a name for himself. (How)
6 princes were willing to pay high prices. (What)
7 Sir John and his men would burn down farms. (On what occasions)
8 the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. (How)
9 he was eighty when he died. (How old)
10 the Florentines gave him a state funeral. ( What kind of funeral )
Tell us what happened after Sir John and his men settled in Italy
1 600 years ago----Sir John Hawkwood----Italy----settled----Florence
2 Made a name for himself----known as Giovanni Acuto
3 When----city-states----at war----Sir John----hire soldier to princes----high price
4 In times of peace----business bad----march----city-state----burn farms----go away----protection money
5 Made large sums of money in this way
6 In spite----Italians----regarded----hero
7 When----died-80 - state funeral
8 Had picture painted----memory----‘most valiant soldier’ ---- Signor Giovanni
Topics for discussion
1 Tell us what you know about organized crime and the way criminals raise money.
2 Which is better and why: the modern state or city-states of the past?
3 Do you agree with the saying ‘Might is right’? Why/Why not?
Key to Summary writing
Points
1 Sir John Hawkwood----settled near Florence----600 years ago
2 Hired soldiers to princes----city-states----in times of war
3 Threaten to destroy a city-state----times of peace
4 Protection money paid
5 Italians regarded him----sort of hero
6 Eighty----when died
7 Florentines----state funeral
8 Had picture painted
9 Dedicated----memory
Summary
After Sir John Hawkwood settled near Florence six hundred years ago, he hired soldiers to the princes of city-states in times of war. In times of peace he threatened to destroy a city-state unless protection money was paid. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. Sir John was eighty when he died and the Florentines not only gave him a state funeral but had a picture painted of him, dedicated to his memory. (79 words)
Key to Vocabulary
A possible answer
sums (1.2) amounts
promptly (1.3) immediately, without delay
obtaining (1.5) getting, acquiring
remarkable (1.7) notable, amazing
settled (1.9) went to live
hire (1.11) make them available in return for money, rent
demanded (1.12) asked for
Key to Composition
A possible answer
Hawkwood defeated
News that Hawkwood and his men were approaching caused panic among villagers who prepared to defend their farms. Hawkwood had a bad reputation among farmers because they knew he would not hesitate to kill them and to burn their farms.
The farmers fought very hard, even though they were poorly armed. With their sticks and spades, they were no match for Hawkwood's well-armed soldiers who had horses, swords and bows and arrows. During the battle, a great many farmers were killed. After Hawkwood destroyed their farms, he sent a message to theprince of the city-state demanding a large amount of protection money. He said that if this money was paid, he would go away and cause no more trouble. However, if it wasn't paid, he would invade the city. To Hawkwood's amazement, this demand was refused, so he and his men invaded the city. As a result, many buildings were destroyed and thousands of people were killed, including quite a few of Hawkwood's soldiers.
The city people fought very hard until Hawkwood and his men were finally driven off. Because the city people defended themselves so well, Hawkwood never attacked them again. He and the prince even became friends. (200 words )
Key to Letter writing
A possible answer (body of letter only)
I am writing to you about the talk I agreed to give at the local library in two weeks' time.
I regret I have to cancel this talk. I apologize for the inconvenience, but I am being sent abroad by my firm and will be away for three weeks. I'll be back on June 24th. I will be happy to give my talk on a later occasion.
I look forward to hearing from you and to arranging a new date. (80 words)
Key structures: have
Here is a summary of the most common uses of the verb have:
a We use have as an auxiliary verb to form the present perfect and the past perfect:
l have just received a letter from my brother Tim. 1KS4
After he had finished work, he went home. 1KS14
b We use have to show ownership or possession:
He owns a new house. = He has a new house. Or: He has got a new house. 1KS18
c We often use have + noun to mean ‘take’, ‘experience’, ‘enjoy’, etc.:
I enjoyed myself at the party. = I had a good time at the party. 1KS18
Or in place of an ordinary verb:
I walked in the garden. = I had a walk in the garden. 1KS42
d We use have to form the ‘causative’:
I repaired my watch. (= I did it myself)
I had my watch repaired. (= someone did it for me)
Key to KS Exercises
Possible answers
A See text.
B 1 He leaves the room any time he wants to have a smoke.
2 If you have got a headache (you have a headache ), you should take an aspirin.
3 I had some damage to my car, but I have now had it repaired.
Special difficulties: would rather and would sooner
We often use would rather and would sooner to express a preference:
I don't want to go out this evening. I prefer to stay home. = I'd rather/I'd sooner stay home.
I would prefer it if you went home early. = I'd rather/I'd sooner you went home early.
Key to SD Exercises
Possible answers
1 go 2 left 3 didn't speak
4 not speak 5 settled 6 didn't tell
Repetition drill
Have got
Chorus, group or individual repetition
To elicit questions involving the use of have got with any and one.
T : Drill 14. Listen. Do not speak.
(1) T : You need a match.
S : Yes, I've run out of matches. Have you got one?
(2) T : You need a razor blade.
S : Yes, I've run out of razor blades. Have you got one?
(3) T : You need some money.
S : Yes, I've run out of money. Have you got any?
T: Now you do the same. Ready?
1 As in (1) above.
2 As in (2) above.
3 As in (3) above.
4 T : You need some sugar.
S : Yes, I've run out of sugar. Have you got any?
5 T : You need some bread.
S : Yes, I've run out of bread. Have you got any?
6 T : You need some milk.
S : Yes, I've run out of milk. Have you got any?
7 T : You need a handkerchief.
S : Yes, I've run out of handkerchiefs. Have you got one?
8 T : You need a pencil.
S : Yes, I've run out of pencils. Have you got one?
9 T : You need some paper.
S : Yes, I've run out of paper. Have you got any?
10 T : You need some coffee.
S : Yes, I've run out of coffee. Have you got any?
11 T : You need a penny.
S : Yes, I've run out of pennies. Have you got one?
12 T : You need some stamps.
S : Yes, I've run out of stamps. Have you got one?
Key to Multiple choice questions
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b
7 a 8 c 9 b 10 d 11 d 12 c

Lesson 14 A?noble?gangster 贵族歹徒
New words and expression 生词和短语
Gangster n.歹徒, 强盗
-- a?band?of?gangsters 一伙强盗
robber n.抢劫犯, 抢劫者
bandit n.强盗, 土匪
brigand n.强盗, 土匪, 盗贼, 草寇（书面用语）
hooligan n.流氓, 不良分子
hoodlum n.罪犯, 恶汉（口语）
rascal n.淘气, 捣蛋鬼（口语）

hand? n.帮, 团伙
-- a?band?of?robbers 一伙强盗
mob ?n. 一群（表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派）
-- a?mob?of?hooligans 一伙流氓
gang? n.一伙 （-- a?gang?of?thieves）
nest ?n.窝 （-- a?nest?of?bandits）
pack? n.团伙、帮派（-- a?pack?of?hoodlums）

Chicago n.芝加哥(美国城市)

Protection n.保护 （-- protection?money 保护费）
protect vt.保护（protect…from…）
-- We?must?protect?our?eyes?from?the?sunshine.
Protector（n.保护者） Protective（adj.保护的）
Protege? n.被保护者

Promptly adv.准时地
-- I?give?him?a?ring?and?he?call?me?back?promptly.
-- He?was?so?sleepy?that?he?went?to?sleep?promptly.
on?time?准时／in?time?及时
punctual（adj.严守时刻的, 准时的） punctually ?adv.守时地

destroy v.毁掉;消灭
destroy? n.强调毁灭, 消灭, 完全的摧毁
-- The?earthquake?destroyed?the?city. / You?destroyed?his?dream.
Damage ?n.v.强调受损程度不很严重, 可以被修复?
-- The?big?clock?was?damaged.
Break ?v.n.强调弄坏, 弄断
-- Two?of?the?strings?were?broken.
spoil? v.强调把事情搅和了
-- spoil?the?party / ?spoil?the?holiday
remarkable adj.不寻常的（同意词：unusual, uncommon, extraordinary）
-- a?remarkable?event?, an?extraordinary?event 不同寻常的事件
outstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）
-- Our?headmaster?is?an?outstanding?youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）
Distinguished（adj.?杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）
Eminent（adj.?显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的）
Distinguished和eminent是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）
-- a?distinguished?physicist（n.物理学家）, an?eminent?surgeon（n.外科医生）
-- an?eminent?judge（n.法官）, a?distinguished?lawyer（n.律师）
well-known adj.众所周知的（?强调众所周知的）
-- She?is?well-known?in?the?musical?world. / This?is?well-known?fact.
famous adj.著名的（因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的）
-- He?is?a?famous?movie star. /?Luxun?is?famous?for?his?articles.
Notorious ?adj.?臭明昭著的, 臭名远扬的（= be?famous?for?bad?things）
-- Hitler?is?notorious.（Hitler n.希特勒）
infamous ?adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）
renowned ?adj.某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
-- Hangzhou?is?renowned?for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）

Florence n.佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)
city-state n.(古代)城邦

hire v.租出, 雇给
hire?out 出租
-- Does?this?firm?hire?out?cars?
Rent v.租, 租借, 出租 n.租金
rent?out 租给, 雇给（主要强调出租房屋）
-- He?rent?out?his?house?to?a?tourist.
Let 出租（let?his?house出租房屋）
-- Please?let?your?house?to?me. 请把房屋租给我吧？
hire?from, ?rent?from 租进来
-- He?hired?a?car?from?us. / ?I?rent?a?room?from?Mrs. Johnson.
hire指短期雇佣体力劳动者
-- He?hired?two?helpers
employ指长期雇佣或聘用脑力劳动者
-- We?employed?her?as?our?advisor.（n.顾问）
-- The?factory?employed?500?workers.

Prince n.君主, 诸候 n.王子
Florentine n.佛罗伦萨人
Funeral n.葬礼

Dedicate v.奉献, 题献给（dedicate?to）
dedicate sth to sb
-- He?dedicated?his?first?book?to?his?mother
dedicate 献身, 奉献（比devote更为正式而庄重）
dedicate…to sth
-- I?devote?my?time?to?helping?my?students.
-- He?dedicates?his?life?to?his?motherland.
-- He?dedicated?his?life?to?science.

Memory n.纪念
Memory n.记忆, 记忆力, 存储器, 内存
-- You?have?a?good?memory.
-- If?my?memory?serves?me?well, you're?Tom. 如果我没有记错的话。
in?memory?of… = to?the?memory?of… 为了纪念…
-- in memory of him = to the memory of him 为了纪念他
in sb’s honor = in honor of sb 为纪念某人, 为庆祝某人
-- we held a party in his honor. = we held a party in honor of him.

Valiant adj.英勇的（强调非常勇敢）
-- During?war, soldiers?are?valiant.
Brave adj.勇敢的
-- The?boy?is?brave.
Fearless adj.大无畏的, 无所畏惧的
-- We?are?fearless?in?time?of?danger.
courageous? adj.有胆量的, 有勇气的

noble adj.高尚的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n.贵族
obtain vt.获得, 得到
crime n.犯罪, 犯罪行为, 罪行
settle vt.安放, 使定居 vi.安家, 定居
demand v.要求, 需要 n.要求, 需求(量), 需要
march vi.进军, 前进
Italian n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的
Offer vt., vi.提供, 提出
Notable adj. 著名的, 显著的,值得注意的
Signor n.阁下, 君

Text 课文
How?did?Haywood?make?in?times?of?peace?
There?was?a?tine?when?the?owners?of?shops?and?businesses?in?Chicago?that?to?pay?large?sums?
of?money?to?gangsters?in?return?for?'protection.'
pay?large?sums?of?money?to?sb　向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in?return?for… 目的是为了换取…, 作为对…的回报
-- He?gave?me?some?books?in?return?for?my?help.
when?引导状语从句修饰time
-- There?was?a?time?when?mini?skirt?was?in?fashion.（Mini n.迷你型, 袖珍型）

If?the?money?was?not?paid?promptly,?the?gangsters?would?quickly?put?a?man?out?of?business?
by?destroying?his?shop.
Promptly = immediately
put?a?man?out?of?business 使某人失业
put?sb/sth out?of... 使某人失去…
-- You?are?putting?me?out?of?patience. 你使我失去耐心了。
-- You?have?already?put?everything?out?of?order.
-- Put?it?out?of?your?mind. 忘记这件事情吧。
by?destroying?his?shop 通过…手段
-- You?are?putting?me?out?of?patience?by?disturbing?me.

Obtaining?'protection?money'?is?not?a?modern?crime.
Obtaining = getting

As?long?ago?as?the?fourteenth?century,?an?Englishman,?Sir?John?Hawkwood,?made?the?
remarkable?discovery?that?people?would?rather?pay?large?sums?of?money?than?have?their?life?
work?destroyed?by?gangsters.
as?long?ago?as 追溯回到（= dating?back?to = date from）
-- I?knew?Jane?as?long?ago?as?the?year?1980.
make?the?remarkable?discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
would?rather do... than do... 宁愿…而不…
-- He?would?rather?die?than?surrender.（vi.投降, 自首）
-- I?would?rather?play?tennis?than?swim.
would?prefer?to?do?...?than?do...
would?prefer?doing?...?to?doing...
-- He?would?prefer?to?die?than?surrender.
-- He?would?prefer?dying?to?surrendering.
would?rather(sooner) +?that?宾语从句（过去式）-- 虚拟语气
-- I?would?rather?that?you?were?not?here. 我宁愿你不在这。（暗含：实际你在这）
-- I?would?rather?that?I?didn't?see?you.
--?He?would?rather?that?he?didn't?hear?the?news.
life?work?毕生的事业 / have sth done

Six?hundred?years?ago,?Sir?Johan?Hawkwood?arrived?in?Italy?with?a?band?of?soldiers?and?
settled?near?Florence.
settled?near?Florence? 定居在?Florence?附近

He?soon?made?a?name?for?himself?and?came?to?be?known?to?the?Italians?as?Giovanni?Acuto.?
made?a?name?for?himself = become?famous
-- They?soon?made?quite?a?name?for?themselves?as?pop?singers.
come?to = get?to 渐渐的
come?to?be?known 渐渐被人所熟知
-- I?come?to?be?known?to?my?students.
-- I?got?to?know?him.

Whenever?the?Italian?city-states?were?at?war?with?each?other,?Hawkwood?used?to?hire?his
soldiers?to?princes?who?were?willing?to?pay?the?high?price?he?demanded.
Whenever 无论什么时候
at?war 交战 /　at?war?with… 于…交战
hire 表示出租
who指代prince
he?demanded =?Hawkwood?demanded

In?times?of?peace,?when?business?was?bad,?Hawkwood?and?his?men?would?march?into?a?
city-state?and,?after?burning?down?a?few?farms,?would?offer?to?go?away?if protection?money?
was?paid?to?them.
in?time?of?peace 在和平期间
march?into 大踏步行军
burn?down?烧毁 / burn?up烧光 / burn?out?烧空
-- The house was burned out only walls left. 房子被了只剩下墙壁。
would?offer?to?go?away = would?promise?to?go?away

Hawkwood?made?large?sums?of?money?in?this?way. In?spite?of?this,?the?Italians?regarded?
him?as?a?sort?of?hero.
in?spite?of?this 尽管如此
People?in?different?countries?have?different?opinions.
The?Italians?regarded?him?as?a?sort?of?hero.

When?he?died?at?the?age?of?eighty,?the?Florentines?gave?him?a?state?funeral?and?had?a?
pictured?which?was?dedicated?to?the?memory?of?'the?most?valiant?soldier?and?most?notable?
leader,?Signor?Giovanni?Haukodue.'
give?sb a?state?funeral 给某人举行国葬
have?sth done
Signor n.先生（意大利语）
which?指代picture
be?dedicated?to?the?memory?of?sb
the?most?valiant 比较级的最高级形式

Special difficulties 难点
would?rather / would?sooner
would?rather?do…?than?do…
would?rather?that…?(that宾语从句中要出现动词的过去时)
1...go
2...left（rather省略了that）
3...did?not?speak
4...not?speak（would rather do…的否定形式结构：would?rather?not?do… 宁愿不做...）
5...settled
6...didn't?tell

Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... B
premise n.房产, 房屋(及其附属建筑, 地基等)
unharmed adj.未受伤害的, 太太平平的
destruction n.破坏, 毁灭
criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的

2... B 他获取自己的名字是依据自己的所作所为
practice n.实行, 实践
sharp adj.苛刻的
recognition n.承认, 认可

3... A in?that = because "因为",表示一种原因
boldness n.大胆, 冒失, 勇敢
bravery n.勇敢, 大胆, 无畏
can not help 不得不, 情不自禁

4... A 段时间：for?a?long?time（现在完成式）

5... C prefer?doing…?to doing…

6... B hire sth from sb 从某人租得某物

7... A if?not (如果不) = unless
Provided… 条件是...

8... C 介词on和名词death相搭配（表示：去世的状态）
介词on和动名词搭配（表示：一...就...）
-- On?seeing?him, I?ran?away.

9... B passed（动词的过去分词）
depart vi.离去, 离开, 出发
-- When does the next train depart? 下一次列车什么时候开？

10... D
prepared adj.心甘情愿的, 准备好的（= willing）
-- be?willing?to?do = be?prepared?to?do
agreeable adj.使人愉快的, 惬意的, 适合的, 宜人的
desirable adj.值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的（= attractive adj.吸引人的）