2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语在线测评试题（9月）
总共77题共100分
一. 完型填空 （共20题,共10分）
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank . (10 points) 说明：阅读下面的文章并为每个空格选出最佳单词。（每小题0.5分，共计10分） 注意：本题只有一个正确选项。
1.
It is widely known that birds learn to fly through practice, gradually 1 their innate ability into a finely tuned skill. 2 , a recent study conducted by the University of Sheffield′s Department Of Psychology has discovered that the reason birds learn to fly so easily is because memories may have been left behind by their ancestors. These skills may be easy to enhance because of a 3 specified latent 4 for flying.
The researchers used simple models of brains called 5 neural networks and computer 6 to test his theory. They discovered that learning in 7 generations 8 induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and 9 decreases the amount of learning required. These effects are especially pronounced if there is a large biological 'fitness cost' to learning, where biological fitness is measured in terms of the number of 10 each individual has.
The beneficial effects of learning also 11 the unusual form of information storage in neural networks. 12 computers, which store each item of information in a specific location in the computer's memory chip, neural networks store each item 13 over many neuronal connections. 14 information is stored in this way then 15 is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are 16 by a combination of innate ability and learning over many generations.
The researchers concluded that this new theory has its 17 in ideas 18 by James Baldwin in 1896, who firstly made the counter-intuitive argument that learning within each generation could guide evolution of innate behavior over future generations.Baldwin was right, 19 in ways less sophisticated than he could have imagined because concepts 20 artificial neural networks and distributed representations were not known in his time.
（10分）
(1) It is widely known that birds learn to fly through practice, gradually 1 their innate ability into a finely tuned skill. （0.5分）
A.adjusting
B.refining
C.changing
D.turning
(2) 2 , a recent study conducted by the University of Sheffield′s Department Of Psychology has discovered that the reason birds learn to fly so easily is because memories may have been left behind by their ancestors. （0.5分）
A.Indeed
B.Hence
C.Whereas
D.However
(3) These skills may be easy to enhance because of a 3 specified latent 4 for flying. （0.5分）
A.genetically
B.cognitively
C.habitually
D.extrinsically
(4) These skills may be easy to enhance because of a 3 specified latent 4 for flying. （0.5分）
A.storage
B.organ
C.memory
D.function
(5) The researchers used simple models of brains called 5 neural networks and computer 6 to test his theory. （0.5分）
A.affected
B.artificial
C.fake
D.unrealistic
(6) The researchers used simple models of brains called 5 neural networks and computer 6 to test his theory. （0.5分）
A.dominations
B.manipulations
C.operations
D.simulations
(7) They discovered that learning in 7 generations 8 induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and 9 decreases the amount of learning required. （0.5分）
A.previous
B.former
C.preceding
D.ancient
(8) They discovered that learning in 7 generations 8 induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and 9 decreases the amount of learning required. （0.5分）
A.entirely
B.accordingly
C.obviously
D.indirectly
(9) They discovered that learning in 7 generations 8 induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and 9 decreases the amount of learning required. （0.5分）
A.result in
B.therefore
C.so
D.nevertheless
(10) These effects are especially pronounced if there is a large biological 'fitness cost' to learning, where biological fitness is measured in terms of the number of 10 each individual has. （0.5分）
A.partners
B.alternatives
C.offspring
D.parents
(11) The beneficial effects of learning also 11 the unusual form of information storage in neural networks. （0.5分）
A.depend on
B.decide
C.affect
D.involve
(12) 12 computers, which store each item of information in a specific location in the computer's memory chip, neural networks store each item 13 over many neuronal connections. （0.5分）
A.For
B.Alike
C.Unlike
D.Within
(13) 12 computers, which store each item of information in a specific location in the computer’s memory chip, neural networks store each item 13 over many neuronal connections. （0.5分）
A.delivered
B.distributed
C.displayed
D.disposed
(14) 14 information is stored in this way then 15 is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are 16 by a combination of innate ability and learning over many generations. （0.5分）
A.As
B.Given
C.If
D.Considering
(15) 14 information is stored in this way then 15 is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are 16 by a combination of innate ability and learning over many generations. （0.5分）
A.ability
B.update
C.renovation
D.evolution
(16) 14 information is stored in this way then 15 is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are 16 by a combination of innate ability and learning over many generations. （0.5分）
A.learned
B.acknowledged
C.attained
D.acquired
(17) The researchers concluded that this new theory has its 17 in ideas 18 by James Baldwin in 1896. （0.5分）
A.roots
B.resources
C.bases
D.reflections
(18) The researchers concluded that this new theory has its 17 in ideas 18 by James Baldwin in 1896. （0.5分）
A.supported
B.proposed
C.objected
D.started
(19) Baldwin was right, 19 in ways less sophisticated than he could have imagined because concepts 20 artificial neural networks and distributed representations were not known in his time. （0.5分）
A.and
B.then
C.but
D.besides
(20) Baldwin was right, 19 in ways less sophisticated than he could have imagined because concepts 20 artificial neural networks and distributed representations were not known in his time. （0.5分）
A.as for
B.in particular
C.such as
D.for instance
二. 阅读理解Part A （共20题,共40分）
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, and [D]. (40 points) 说明：阅读下面四篇文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。（每小题2分，共计40分）注意：本题只有一个正确选项。
1.
Text 1
It is not often that the company that dominates an industry, and is thus most wedded to the status quo, calls for the rules that govern the business to be changed. But that is what happened this week when Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple—which dominates digital music with its iPod music-player and iTune music-store—published an essay on his firm's website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music”.
At issue is digital rights management (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common DRM standard, songs purchased for one type of music player may not work on another. Apple's DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread.
European regulators have been gunning for Apple. They regard its refusal to license FairPlay as monopolistic. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a rival device. Last year, French lawmakers drafted a bill compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals.
In the past, Apple has supported DRM on the grounds that it kept the pirates at bay. It described the French bill as “state-sponsored piracy”. But this week Mr. Jobs gave an alternative explanation for defending DRM: the record companies' demands. They agreed to make their music available to iTunes only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM; indeed, they can still withdraw it if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr. Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”
Why the sudden change of heart? Mr. Jobs is presumably keen to get Europe's regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM free.” “Two and a half of the four big record companies”, he helpfully points out, “are European-owned.”
（10分）
(1) It can be inferred from the Paragraph 1 that . （2分）
A.“Thoughts on Music” calls for change in digital music rules
B.Apple is intending to dominate music industry
C.Apple governs all the business in digital music with its iPod music-player and iTune music-store
D.Apple has launched a broad investigation on digital music industry
(2) An iTunes buyer would probably LEAST choose to . （2分）
A.use iPod music-player
B.enroll in FairPlay
C.order a MP3 from SONY music
D.against the rules set by Apple
(3) By saying “European regulators have been gunning for Apple”, the author means . （2分）
A.European regulators have had a quarrel with Apple
B.European regulators have been struggling for Apple
C.European regulators have been sticking their guns to Apple
D.European regulators have been looking for chances to attack Apple
(4) If Apple opens up its FairPlay to his rivals, what probably would the record companies do? （2分）
A.Defending DRM by themselves.
B.Protecting their music available to iTunes only.
C.Quitting their agreements with Apple.
D.Turning to Apple’s rivals.
(5) In the last paragraph, Mr. Jobs’ suggestion implies that . （2分）
A.European-owned music companies should sell their music DRM free first
B.European regulators should adjust their focuses to domestic music providers
C.Apple would like to cooperate with European regulators on the issue of opening up FairPlay
D.European-owned music companies occupied bigger market than that of Apple’s
2.
Text 2
Appearances often deceive, but, in one respect at least, the visitor's first impression of Chicago is likely to be correct: this is a city buzzing with life, humming with prosperity, sparkling with new buildings, new sculptures new parks, and generally exuding vitality. The Loop, the central area defined by a ring of overhead railway tracks, has not gone the way of so many other big cities' business districts—soulless by day and deserted at night. It bustles with shoppers as well as office workers. Students live there. So, increasingly, do gays, young couples and older ones whose children have grown up and fled the nest. Farther north, and south, old warehouses and factories have become home to artists, professionals and trendy young families. Not far to the east locals and tourists alike throng Michigan Avenue's Magnificent Mile, a stretch of shops as swanky as any to be found on Fifth Avenue in New York or Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills.Chicagois undoubtedly back.
Back, that is, from what many feared would be the scrapheap. In 1980, when The Economist last published a survey of Chicago, it found a city whose “facade of downtown prosperity” masked a creaking political machine, the erosion of its economic base and some of the most serious racial problems in America. There followed an intensely painful decade of industrial decline and political instability. Other cities with similar manufacturing economies, similar white flight and similar problems of race and class looked on in dismay. If Chicago, the capital of the Midwest, the city of big shoulders were to descend into rust-bound decay, what chance was there for Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St Louis, Detroit and a score of smaller places?
Chicago's revival should not be judged merely by the manifest sparkle of the Loop and such districts as River North, the Gold Coast and Streeterville. A more telling indicator is the growth of population recorded in the most recent (2000) census: an increase of 4.0% for the city since 1990 (compared with 3.9% for Minneapolis, and losses of 5.4% for Cleveland, 7.5% for Detroitand 9.6% for Pittsburgh). Other signs of economic vigor include the arrival of Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, the growth of the futures and derivatives markets embodied in the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Board of Trade, and the decision to expand O'Hare to ensure it keeps its place as the busiest (depending on the measurement) airport in the country.
So Chicago seems to have weathered its period of deindustrialization and emerged looking pretty robust. Other cities is still groping for life after manufacturing death and trying to restore hope to their citizens and to the benighted neighborhoods in which they live would do well to see what they can learn from Chicago's experience.
（10分）
(1) What does the author imply by saying “Chicago is undoubtedly back”? （2分）
A.The central area in Chicago defines its soullessness and desolation.
B.Chicago returns to the prosperity once experienced before deindustrialization.
C.Chicago has made little progress in the past decade.
D.Chicago has been abandoned by future prosperity.
(2) The word “creaking” (Line 2, Paragraph 2) most probably means____ . （2分）
A.shaky
B.shrieking
C.cracking
D.crashing
(3) From the text, what is in common among Chicago,Pittsburgh,Cleveland and Detroit? （2分）
A.Financial market has flourished in these cities.
B.They witnessed a growth of population in the most recent census.
C.They played the same role in the nation’s development.
D.All of them experienced manufacturing death and industrial decline.
(4) The arrival of Boeing in Chicago is mentioned in the text to____ . （2分）
A.indicate that Chicago has come through deindustrialization and appeared as a competitive economic entity in the nation
B.prove that Chicago possesses a good location
C.show that Boeing prefers Chicago’s sparkling Loop and new buildings
D.make clear that Seattle is less developed than Chicago now
(5) The author’s attitude towards the future of Chicago? （2分）
A.Optimistic
B.Confused
C.Sensitive
D.Scared
3.
Text 3
Antibiotic drugs are a well-known test of the idea of natural selection. By killing sensitive bugs, they leave more space and nutrients for resistant ones to thrive. Genes for resistance thus spread through the population unless such drugs are used carefully and sparingly. However, as with other sorts of drug, different types of antibiotic may interact with one another in unexpected ways. And Roy Kishony and his team from Harvard University have just shown, in a paper published in this week's Nature, that one such interaction has the paradoxical effect of giving the Darwinian advantage to drug-sensitive bacteria instead of drug-resistant ones.
Dr Kishony's team studied two strains of E. coli, a common gut-bacterium that nevertheless sometimes causes food poisoning and urinary-tract infections. One of these strains was sensitive to doxycycline, a common antibiotic; the other was doxycycline-resistant. When the two were grown in cultures containing doxycycline the resistant strain, as expected, did better. However, when the researchers grew each strain in cultures containing both doxycycline and a second antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, they found the opposite effect. This time it was the doxycycline-sensitive strain that did better even though, in principle, it was not resistant to either drug.
The real test came when Dr Kishony pitched the two strains against each other, mano a mano, as it were. To see what was going on, he labelled the doxycycline-resistant strain with a yellow protein and the sensitive strain with a blue protein.
When only doxycycline was added to the mixture, the yellow team prevailed. But when both drugs were present, blue bacteria swept the field—or, rather, the Petri dish. In a straight fight, therefore, it was the drug-sensitive strain that had the selective advantage when faced with a two-pronged attack.
Exactly how the two drugs interact to produce this result is not yet clear. They work in different ways. Doxycycline gums up the assembly line on which proteins are made, whereas ciprofloxacin stops the DNA message about how to make each protein being read in the first place, so there is plenty of scope for interference between the two.
Whether Dr Kishony's discovery has any clinical implications remains to be seen. As he observes, the experiments were performed on bacteria that live in the laboratory under highly controlled conditions. Nevertheless, this study opens a novel way of looking at the problem of resistance. Using one drug to neutralise resistance to another looks worthy of further research.
（10分）
(1) The sentence “…one such interaction has the paradoxical effect of giving the Darwinian advantage to the drug-sensitive bacteria instead of the drug-resistant ones...” means . （2分）
A.Under this interaction, drug-sensitive bacteria, rather than drug-resistant ones, will have more opportunities for thriving
B.According to Darwinism, the drug-sensitive bacteria have more space and nutrients than the drug-resistant ones on some occasion
C.When there are two different types of antibiotics interacting with each other, the drug-sensitive bacteria will devour the drug-resistant ones
D.Ordinarily, the drug-resistant bacteria are superior to the drug-sensitive ones under antibiotics interaction
(2) According to Paragraph 2, which of the following sentences is true? （2分）
A.Dr. Kishony’s team studied two strains of bacteria, one of which may cause food poisoning and urinary-tract infections.
B.In the cultures containing doxycycline, the resistant strain killed the sensitive ones.
C.Commonly, the doxycycline-sensitive strain was not resistant to ciprofloxacin.
D.Neither the two strains of bacteria was resistant to ciprofloxacin.
(3) What does the underlined phrase “mano a mano” in Paragraph mean? （2分）
A.face to face
B.as above mentioned
C.seeing what may happen
D.fighting fiercely with each other
(4) The last paragraph implies that . （2分）
A.Dr. Kishony’s discovery is of some value of practice
B.The condition of nature is much more complex than that of the laboratory
C.This study is the start of resistance problem research
D.The accuracy of the experiment needs to be tested in further researches
(5) The author’s purpose of this essay is to . （2分）
A.suggest that the scientists study the resistant problem in a new way
B.declare a breakthrough in antibiotic drugs research
C.introduce a recent discovery of antibiotic drugs
D.indicate the potential for the test of natural selection
4.
Text 4
Avoiding climate change is like avoiding getting fat. That one extra biscuit won't make much difference, but once the kilos are on it is hard to get them off. Both“The Weather Makers” and “Field Notes from a Catastrophe” make an analogous point—that global warming is a process that is hard to reverse. Climate change is more visible at the poles than elsewhere, for example, because ice is one of the best reflectors of sunlight, and water is one of the worst. Melt the ice and the balance between heat sent packing straight back into space and heat retained to warm the planet shifts very fast.
In his book, Tim Flannery, a zoologist, delves into the science of climate change. He is at his angriest when writing about the extinction of species and habitats that rapid global warming is likely to bring about. Elizabeth Kolbert, who writes for the New Yorker, by no means eschews the science, but her emphasis is on her discussions with people who work in the field, and much of her writing is anecdotal.
Both books trumpet the same central message: act now. Every year's delay in doing something about climate change will take far more than a year to put right. Once the ice is gone, it will not come back. Once the permafrost melts and the methane it contains is released, it cannot be recalled—and methane is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. In addition, Mr. Flannery comes from Australia, Ms Kolbert from America; the only industrialized countries that have failed to ratify the Kyotoprotocol on climate change. Although the protocol is certainly a flawed document, both authors regard agreeing to it as a sign of a government's good faith in the matter of greenhouse-gas emissions, and both excoriate what they regard as the weasel words of their respective administrations about acting on the issue independently of Kyoto.
In this respect, Ms Kolbert wins out over Mr. Flannery. Her report of her interview with Paula Dobriansky, who has the job of explaining the American administration's position on global warming, is a masterpiece of verbal juggling. When it comes to prescriptions, though, Mr. Flannery's analysis has the edge. He mercilessly dismisses the hydrogen-economists' idea of “sequestering” the carbon dioxide generated underground or in the oceans as both impractical and environmentally catastrophic.
Mr. Flannery's most intriguing thought, though, is almost a throwaway point. But it is one that only an evolutionary biologist would have come up with. He suggests that if humanity were facing the threat of cold, rather than heat, the talking would have been over long ago and a strong plan of action would be in place. His point is that Homo sapiens is a tropical species which, having only recently spread to temperate and frigid climes, still thinks like a tropical species. It really fears the cold, but rather likes the heat. The word “warming”, therefore, has positive overtones. So perhaps the underlying problem is not so much, as in the case of staying slim, that you have to trade a real sacrifice now for a potential benefit in the future, but that a lot of people who are perfectly willing to believe that global warming is happening don't really see it is a problem at all.
（10分）
(1) The statement of avoiding getting fat is mentioned to . （2分）
A.stress that one extra biscuit will not make us fatter
B.emphasize that avoiding climate change is more difficult than avoiding getting fat
C.explain that what we can do with avoiding climate change from this lesson
D.state that once climate is on rise, it is not easy to lower it
(2) The word “eschew” might mean . （2分）
A.escape
B.chew
C.add
D.prefer to
(3) Ms Kolbert does much more than Mr. Flannery on . （2分）
A.scientific prescriptions for climate change
B.the criticism about their respective administrations’ behaviors about acting on Kyotoprotocol
C.developing new ideas in the field of meteorology
D.fighting for global warming
(4) The reason why Mr. Flannery turned to the topic of climate change is that he thinks . （2分）
A.it is where his real interest lies in
B.it caused the permanent disappearance of some of species
C.Ms Kolbert’s viewpoint is worthwhile supporting
D.everybody should be concerned about the issue
(5) What does Mr. Flannery’s suggestion imply in the last paragraph? （2分）
A.The problem is that we should trade a real sacrifice for a potential benefit in the future.
B.People tend to have lower tolerance for cold.
C.We should avoid thinking like Homo sapiens.
D.Most of people do not take global warming as a serious problem.
三. 阅读理解Part B （共5题,共10分）
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Question 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]~[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) 说明：下面的文章中缺失一些句子。请从[A]到[G]的各选项中选出合适的句子填入到第1题至第5题的空格中。（每小题2分，共计10分）注意：选项中有两个句子是多余的。
1.
BACK in 1979, a fat, unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wife, Enid, opened Canyon Ranch, “America's first total vacation/fitness resort”, on an old dude ranch inTucson,Arizona. At the time, their outdoorsy, new age-ish venture seemed highly eccentric.Today Canyon Ranch is arguably the premium health-spa brand of choice for the super-rich. It is growing fast and now operates in several places, including the Queen Mary 2. (1) .
"There is a new market category called wellness lifestyle, and in a whole range of industries, if you are not addressing that category you are going to find it increasingly hard to stay in business," enthuses Kevin Kelly, Canyon Ranch's president. (Mr Zuckerman, now a trim and sprightly 78-year-old, remains chairman of the firm.) This broad new category, Mr Kelly goes on, "consolidates a lot of sub-categories”including spas, traditional medicine and alternative medicine, behavioural therapy, spirituality, fitness, nutrition and beauty. As more customers demand a holistic approach to feeling well, firms that have hitherto specialised in only one or two of those areas are now facing growing market pressure to broaden their business. “You can no longer satisfy the consumer with just fitness, just medical, just spa,” says Mr Kelly.
(2) . It is expanding a brand built on $1,000-a-night retreats for the rich and famous in several different directions. This year inMiami Beachit will open the first of what it expects to be many upmarket housing estates built around a spa, called Canyon Ranch Living. Together with the Cleveland Clinic, one of the world's leading private providers of traditional medicine, it is launching an “executive health” product which combines diagnosis, treatment and, above all, prevention. It also has plans to produce food and skin-care products, a range of clothes and healthy living educational materials.
(3) . Canyon Ranch's rivals include several big, established firms. Sir Richard Branson's Virgin group operates Virgin Life Care kiosks in which people can earn spendable HealthMiles. Insurers such as WellPoint and Britain's PruHealth are rewarding people who take part in health-improvement programmes with lower premiums or bigger deductibles. Wal-Mart is selling organic food, and even Coca-Cola is launching a wellness drink.
(4) . He is attacking on several fronts, mostly by buying controlling stakes in small firms that have a big idea and a viable business model, and helping them to grow faster. One of these is Miraval-Life In Balance, a similar outfit to Canyon Ranch, which he hopes to turn into the “Nike brand of wellness” by expanding from its spas, which offer 130 different experiences from yoga to organic cuisine. New initiatives include Miraval Living residential estates—one opens soon inManhattan—skin-care lotions and food. Revolution also owns Lime.com, a wellness broadcaster, and Exclusive Resorts, presumably on the grounds that luxury holidays are good for you.
(5) . It will offer online health information, insurance policies and new forms of health care, including walk-in treatment and screening in shops such as Wal-Mart, through its investment in a firm called RediClinic. Mr Case's partners in the venture include Colin Powell, a former secretary of state; Carly Fiorina, the ex-boss of Hewlett-Packard; and Jim Barksdale, a former head of Netscape.
A. The desire to reduce health-care costs is one force behind the rise of the wellness industry; the other is the growing demand from consumers for things that make them feel healthier.
B. Perhaps the most interesting entrant to this nascent industry is Revolution, a firm set up in 2005 by Steve Case, co-founder of AOL, an internet firm.
C. In addition, Mr. Case is rolling out Revolution Health, a consumer health-care business.
D. Canyon Ranch's strategy reflects this belief.
E. Already, the new world of wellness is becoming fiercely competitive.
F. There is growing evidence that focusing holistically on wellness can reduce health-care costs by emphasizing prevention over treatment.
G. It is also one of the leading lights in “wellness”, an increasingly mainstream—and profitable—business.
1.︱ →2.︱ →3.︱ →4.︱ →5.︱
（10分）
(1) Question 1. （2分）
(2) Question 2. （2分）
(3) Question 3. （2分）
(4) Question 4. （2分）
(5) Question 5. （2分）
四. 阅读理解Part C （共5题,共10分）
Directions: The translated text of the underlined segments of the following article has been given to you, but they are divided into several parts and in disorder. There are two extra choices in each of the translated text. Please choose the right answers and put them in order. (10 points) 说明：下面文章划线部分的译文已经给出，但是它们被分割成若干部分并且无序排列。在每个题号的译文中有两项是多余的。请选出正确的译文并排序。（每小题2分，共计10分）注意：如果选出正确的译文并正确排序，得2分，如果选出正确译文但排序错误，得1分。
1.
1)Sociologists and anthropologists who study prejudice emphasize sociocultural factors, examining the impact of society on the individual’s prejudice.For instance, the sociocultural approach suggests that such factors as the increasing urbanization and complexity of society, increasing population density, and the competition for scarce jobs between members of various ethnic groups operate in various ways to increase prejudice toward minority groups.
Consider the specific example of increasing urbanization. Cities represent environments which are less than ideal in many respects; they are perceived by many as noisy, dirty, unsafe, and impersonal. 2)According to some sociologists, people can blame the difficulties of urban life on the presence of a particular minority group, which is seen as symbolizing the problems of urbanization.In some cities today, for example, blacks and Puerto Ricans are blamed for the ills of the city; in the past it was the Jews; and before them, the Irish and members of earlier immigrant groups.
3)Similar reasoning suggests that in times of high unemployment, in which there is competition for few available jobs, prejudice will be directed toward members of minority groups whom majority group members believe are taking jobs away from them.This is particularly true in cases in which affirmative action goals require that certain minority groups be given extra consideration in hiring or in admission to educational programs. 4)It would not be unreasonable to assume that societal factors such as these would ultimately increase prejudice on the part of people who feel they are being denied a resource that is “rightfully” theirs.
One difficulty with the historical and sociocultural approaches to prejudice is that they do not explain why certain groups are more discriminated against than others, when almost all minority groups have suffered from exploitation at some point in the past. Moreover, prejudice exists even when there are few historical, cultural, or economic reasons that can be identified. 5）Still, it is clear that historical and sociocultural considerations must be taken into account when studying prejudice, as they provide at least part of the explanation for prejudice.
（10分）
(1)
a研究偏见的
b在研究
c偏见尤其是社会文化因素
d强调社会文化因素的作用
e社会学家和历史学家
f社会学家和人类学家
g社会对个人偏见的影响时
Your choice and order: （2分）
(2)
a象征着城市化问题
b某一少数民族的存在
c根据一些社会学家的观点
d并将这视为
e人们可以将城市生活中出现的困难归咎于
f城市化问题的象征
g某一少数民族的繁荣
Your choice and order: （2分）
(3)
a偏见会指向少数民族群体的成员
b在失业率很高的时候
c多数群体的成员认为他们自己占有就业机会
d同样的推理认为
e多数群体的成员认为是他们抢走了就业机会
f此时就业机会少，竞争激烈
g相似的理由说明
Your choice and order: （2分）
(4)
a这是不无道理的
b对那些感到
c这类社会因素
d最大地增加了他们的偏见
e被否定了“理应”属于他们的资源的人们来说
f最终会增加他们的偏见
g他们被剥夺了自己的“正当”权益
Your choice and order: （2分）
(5)
a研究偏见时还必须考虑到
b这一点很明确
c尽管如此
d还有
e历史和社会文化因素
f同时它们至少部分地解释了偏见发生的原因
g因为它们至少部分地解释了偏见发生的原因
Your choice and order: （2分）
五. 写作Part A （共5题,共5分）
Directions: This part is to test the ability of fundamental practical writing. Read the following instructions. Choose the best answer for each question . (5 points) 说明：本部分主要考察应用文写作的基本能力。请阅读下面的说明并选出每个问题的最佳答案。（每小题1分，共计5分）注意：本题只有一个正确选项。
1.
There will be a lecture given by a famous person that you all admire. Please write a note to your roommates whom you are sure interested in according to the following information: 1) about the lecture and the lecturer, 2) about the time and the place, 3) about the ways you meet each other.
You should write about 100 words and do not sign your name at the end of the note. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Answer the following questions.
（5分）
(1) Which one of the following addressing ways is not appropriate? （1分）
A.Dear roommates,
B.Hi, my dear roommates,
C.Lucy, Annie and Carrie,
D.Dear Sir/Madame,
(2) The proper order of the following four sentences in this letter should be ____. （1分）
1) We all have heard about him that he lost his ability to speak many years ago.
2) The lecture is in the Student Activity Center at two o’clock on Friday afternoon.
3) I am writing to tell you that there will be a lecture given by Dr Hawking.
4) We’d better meet there at half past one o’clock.
A.1)-3)-2)-4)
B.2)-1)-3)-4)
C.3)-4)-1)-2)
D.3)-1)-2)-4)
(3) Which one of the following sentences is irrelevant to the subject of this letter? （1分）
A.Dr Hawking is a very famous scientist of America.
B.He is unable to move and is confined to a wheel chair.
C.The space of the Center is not large enough to admit so many students, so we should be a little earlier.
D.Built in 1997, the Student Activity Center was supposed to have a seating capacity of 1000.
(4) Which one of the following sentences has no grammar mistake? （1分）
A.The lecture is conducted by the Student Association and held in the Student Activity Center.
B.As is known, the space is not large enough to admit so many students.
C.It is said that he can construct the sentences in a speed of about 15 words per minute.
D.I am sure that there will be many people come for the lecture.
(5) Which one of the following parts is indispensable to the note? （1分）
A.No. 116, Building 8,Xinhua Road, Haidian District
B.September 12, 2004
C.Yours sincerely
D.Best wishes.
六. 写作Part B 1 （共1题,共2分）
Directions: The following question is based on the above picture. Please choose the most suitable theme of the above picture. (2 points) 说明：请根据题中给出的图画回答下面的问题，选出最符合该图的主旨句。（每小题2分，共计2分）注意：本题只有一个正确选项。
1.
Part B
Protection
（2分）
(1) 作文Part B 1 （共1题） （2分）
A.There is no doubt that the greatest love in the world is parental love.
B.The parents provide us enough protection so that we can grow up without harm and injury.
C.The parents should leave us more space, love and protect the children in the right way.
D.Without the parents’ protection, we will grow up more healthily.
七. 写作Part B 2 （共6题,共8分）
Directions:In the following essay, some words, sentences or phrases have been removed. For questions 1～6,choose the most suitable one to fit into each of the numbered blanks. (8 points)说明： 在下面的文章中，一些单词、短语或句子已经被移除。请选择最佳答案填到问题1～6中。（本试题中第1、3 、4、5题每小题1分，第2、6题每小题2分，共计8分）注意: 第2、6题有2个得分选项，选出最佳得分选项得2分，选出次佳得分选项得1分。
1. Recent years have seen an increasing amount of fake goods in the market. The situation described in the picture is a proof. We can see that from daily used ___1___ such as foodstuff, medicine, shoes to many other products, whatever there are in the market, there are fake goods. ___2___.
Among various reasons there are two obvious ones. On the one hand, some manufactures and sellers, ___3___ people’s interest, are driven by high profits to make and sell fake goods.___4___, the measures to combat fake goods are too weak to forbid producing and selling them. So these illegal men avail themselves of loopholes of the market management and send more fake goods to the market.
It is high time that___5____. First of all, to punish those illegal men seriously, a law should be published. Moreover, people should be educated how to distinguish fake goods and how to protect themselves. ___6___.
（8分）
(1) We can see that from daily used ___1___ such as foodstuff, medicine, shoes to many other products, whatever there are in the market, there are fake goods. （1分）
A.craftworks
B.practicalities
C.necessities
D.businesses
(2) Which of the following is the most suitable sentence to fill in the blank 2? （2分）
A.It is really heartbreaking that why our society has so many fake goods!
B.With poor quality, fake goods are not only harmful to our consumers, but also detrimental to our economic system.
C.How to protect the consumer from being deceived has become an imperative undertaking.
D.Fake goods are so harmful to our society that our government should take some effective actions to combat them.
(3) First, some manufactures and sellers, ___3___ people’s interest, are driven by high profits to make and sell fake goods. （1分）
A.due to
B.regardless
C.despite of
D.regardless of
(4) ___4___, the measures to combat fake goods are too weak to forbid producing and selling them. （1分）
A.In a word
B.Generally speaking
C.On the other hand
D.In my opinion
(5) It is high time that____5____. （1分）
A.we take actions to combat fake goods.
B.we will take actions to combat fake goods.
C.we must take actions to combat fake goods.
D.we took actions to combat fake goods.
(6) Which of the following is the most suitable sentence to fill in the blank 6? （2分）
A.Only in this way can we have a healthy market and thus, enjoy a good social order.
B.It is only when these actions are put into practice this problem can be solved and our society can be better.
C.How to combat fake goods and their makers is still a tough and difficult problem that everybody should join it.
D.Our society should do something so that these measures can be actualized more smoothly.
八. 语法词汇 （共15题,共15分）
Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. (15 points) 说明：在这一部分有15个不完整的句子。对应每一个句子有ABCD四个选项。请选出一个最佳答案完成句子。（每小题1分，共计15分）注意：本题只有一个正确选项。
1. （15分）
(1) The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half . （1分）
A.of last year’s
B.those of last year’s
C.of those of last year
D.that of last year’s
(2) A budget of five dollars a day is totally _______ for a trip round Europe. （1分）
A.inadequate
B.incapable
C.incompatible
D.invalid
(3) suggested that he to New Yorkin order to get a direct flight. （1分）
A.It was her who; go
B.It was her who; goes
C.It was she who; go
D.It was she who; went
(4) Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food is a major ______ in every family's budget. (1分) （1分）
A.nutrition
B.expenditure
C.routine
D.provision
(5) Even though he was guilty, the __________ judge did not send him to prison. （1分）
A.merciful
B.impartial
C.conscientious
D.conspicuous
(6) Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would be able to walk. （1分）
A.in no time
B.by all means
C.in no way
D.on any account
(7) That local government leaders are making every effort to _____the problem of poverty. （1分）
A.abolish
B.tackle
C.remove
D.encounter
(8) The ______ on this apartment expires in a year's time. （1分）
A.treaty
B.lease
C.engagement
D.subsidy
(9) Comparison and contrast are often used __________ in advertisements. （1分）
A.intentionally
B.pertinently
C.incidentally
D.tiresomely
(10) the result of the test, he stood still at the door, . （1分）
A.To learn; disappointed
B.Learning; disappointing
C.Learning; disappointed
D.Having learned; disappointing
(11) Many people think of deserts as ______ regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there. （1分）
A.virgin
B.barren
C.void
D.wretched
(12) for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. （1分）
A.Had it not been
B.Were it not
C.Be it not
D.Should it not be
(13) It took us only a few hours to _______the paper off all four walls. （1分）
A.shear
B.scrape
C.stroke
D.chip
(14) When trapped in drifting sands, do not struggle, or you will be ______ in deeper. （1分）
A.absorbed
B.pushed
C.heaved
D.sucked
(15) There is no doubt that the ________ of these goods to the others is easy to see. （1分）
A.prestige
B.superiority
C.priority
D.publicity
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